I. Scope of the journal
The Journal of Ethnopharmacology is dedicated to the exchange of information and understandings about people's use of plants, fungi, animals, microorganisms and minerals and their biological and pharmacological effects based on the principles established through international conventions. Early people, confronted with illness and disease, discovered a wealth of useful therapeutic agents in the plant and animal kingdoms. The empirical knowledge of these medicinal substances and their toxic potential was passed on by oral tradition and sometimes recorded in herbals and other texts on materia medica. Many valuable drugs of today (e.g., atropine, ephedrine, tubocurarine, digoxin, reserpine) came into use through the study of indigenous remedies. Chemists continue to use plant-derived drugs (e.g., morphine, taxol, physostigmine, quinidine, emetine) as prototypes in their attempts to develop more effective and less toxic medicinals.
In recent years the preservation of local knowledge, the promotion of indigenous medical systems in primary health care, and the conservation of biodiversity have become even more of a concern to all scientists working at the interface of social and natural sciences but especially to ethnopharmacologists. Recognizing the sovereign rights of States over their natural resources, ethnopharmacologists are particularly concerned with local people's rights to further use and develop their autochthonous resources.
Accordingly, today's Ethnopharmacological research embraces the multidisciplinary effort in the documentation of indigenous medical knowledge, scientific study of indigenous medicines in order to contribute in the long-run to improved health care in the regions of study, as well as search for pharmacologically unique principles from existing indigenous remedies.
The Journal of Ethnopharmacology publishes original articles concerned with the observation and experimental investigation of the biological activities of plant and animal substances used in the traditional medicine of past and present cultures. The journal will particularly welcome interdisciplinary papers with an ethnopharmacological, an ethnobotanical or an ethnochemical approach to the study of indigenous drugs. Reports of anthropological and ethnobotanical field studies fall within the journal's scope. Studies involving pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms of action are especially welcome. Clinical studies on efficacy will be considered if contributing to the understanding of specific ethnopharmacological problems. The journal also welcomes review articles in the above mentioned fields especially those highlighting the multi-disciplinary nature of ethnopharmacology. Reviews on topics that address cutting-edge problems are particularly welcome. All reviews are fully peer-reviewed. Potential authors should contact the Reviews Editor prior to writing the review. A one-page outline and a short C.V. of the (senior) author should also be included.
II. Preparation of manuscripts
Authors who want to submit a manuscript should consult and peruse carefully recent issues of the journal for format and style. Authors must include the following contact details on the title page of their submitted manuscript: full postal address; fax; e-mail. All manuscripts submitted are subject to peer reviews. The minimum requirements for a manuscript to qualify for peer review are that it has been prepared by strictly following the format and style of the journal as mentioned, that it is written in good English, and that it is complete. Manuscripts that have not fulfilled these requirements will be returned to the author(s).
Contributions are accepted on the understanding that the authors have obtained the necessary authority for publication. Submission of multi-authored manuscripts implies the consent of each of the authors. The publisher will assume that the senior or corresponding author has specifically obtained the approval of all other co-authors to submit the article to this journal. Submission of an article is understood to imply that it is not being considered for publication elsewhere and that the author(s) permission to publish his/her article in this journal implies the exclusive authorization to the publisher to deal with all issues concerning copyright therein. Further information on copyright can be found on the Elsevier website.
Animal and clinical studies - Investigations using experimental animals must state in the Methods section that the research was conducted in accordance with the internationally accepted principles for laboratory animal use and care as found in for example the European Community guidelines (EEC Directive of 1986; 86/609/EEC) or the US guidelines (NIH publication #85-23, revised in 1985). Investigations with human subjects must state in the Methods section that the research followed guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and Tokyo for humans, and was approved by the institutional human experimentation committee or equivalent, and that informed consent was obtained. The Editors will reject papers if there is any doubt about the suitability of the animal or human procedures used.
1. Manuscript types
The Journal of Ethnopharmacology will accept the following contributions:
- Original research articles - whose length is not limited and should include Title, Abstract, Methods and Materials, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, Acknowledgements and References. As a guideline, a full length paper normally occupies no more than 10 printed pages of the journal, including tables and illustrations
- Short communications - whose average length is not more than 4 pages in print (approx. 2000-2300 words, including abstract and references). A maximum of 2 illustrations (figures or tables) is allowed.
- Letters to the Editors;
- Reviews - Authors intending to write review articles should consult and send an outline to the Reviews Editor (see inside front cover for contact information) before preparing their manuscripts. The organization and subdivision of review articles can be arranged at the author's discretion. Authors should keep in mind that a good review sets the trend and direction of future research on the subject matter being reviewed. Tables, figures and references are to be arranged in the same way as research articles in the journal.
- Book reviews - Books for review should be sent to the Reviews Editor.
- Conference announcements and news.
2. General procedures
The language of the Journal is English. Manuscripts should be neatly typed, double-spaced throughout, including tables, on pages of uniform size with at least 2.5 cm margins on all sides. Use one font type and size throughout the manuscript. Author(s) should not break or hyphenate words. When using an electronic printer, the right-hand margin should not be justified. Footnotes in text are not permitted. The text of the manuscript must be paginated, the first page being the title page. Three copies of the manuscript, typed with double spacing and ample margins, should be submitted with a completed Author Checklist. The following format and order of presentation is suggested:
2.1. Title, author(s), address(es)
The title should be no longer than 100 letters, including spaces. Initials or first and middle names followed by last name of the author or authors must be given (not last name followed by initials). If there are two or more authors with different addresses, use a superscripted letter (a, b, c etc.), not a number, at the end of the last name of each author to indicate his her corresponding address. The full address of the corresponding author (the way the author wishes to be contacted) should be provided. The corresponding (usually, the senior) author, to whom correspondence and proofs will be sent, must be indicated by an asterisk and footnoted, and in the footnote, his/her the telephone and fax numbers, and e-mail address must be indicated. Address(es) should be underlined or italicised.
2.2. Abstract
The abstract should present a summary of the problem, scientific method, major findings and conclusions, in no more than 200 words and in one paragraph and presented at the beginning of the paper. Unsubstantiated speculation should not be included. Footnotes may not be used. References, if cited, must provide complete publication data.
2.3. Text layout
The text of a research paper should be divided into the following headings: Introduction, Methodology (or Materials and Methods), Results, and Discussion and conclusions. Each heading (and subheading) must be numbered using the convention established in the journal. Acknowledgements should come after Discussion and conclusions and before References; Acknowledgements and References are not to be numbered. Headings must be bold-faced and written in an upper-and-lower case style [not in caps], while subheadings should be underlined or italicised. Tables and figures are to be placed at the end of the text, after References. Authors are required to include: (i) the chemical structure, formula and proprietary name of novel or ill-defined compounds; (ii) the w/w yield of prepared extracts in terms of starting crude material; (iii) complete formulation details of all crude drug mixtures; (iv) the voucher herbarium specimen number of the plant(s) studied in case of less well known plants, cited using the collector and collection number (e.g., Doe 123), and indicating the name of the herbarium institution where it has been deposited. All plant materials must be fully identified as in the following illustration: Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don f. albus Pich. (Apocynaceae) as authenticated by Dr. John Doe, Department of Botany, University of Connecticut.
2.4. Guidelines for Plant and Animal Names
All scientific names (Latin binomials) must be underlined or italicised throughout the text and in the tables and figures. For plant and animal species, full or complete scientific names, genus-species and the correct authority citation, must be used, when that name appears for the first time in text. The authority citation may be dropped in subsequent mention of that name throughout the text. The family name must follow the scientific name in parentheses when the name appears for the first time in the text. Full scientific names and the family name of the subject plants/animals must be used in the Abstract. Synonyms must be indicated in parentheses and preceded by the word "syn." followed by a colon. Authors are advised to consult the International Plant Name Index (IPNI) (http://www.ipni.org) and W3Tropicos (http://www.mobot.org) web-based databases to determine the correct spelling of full plant scientific names. Generic names may be abbreviated (e.g., C. roseus for Catharanthus roseus), provided such practice does not lead to confusion; generic names, however, must not be abbreviated when the name appears for the first time in the text. Specific epithets must never be abbreviated; thus, the use of Catharanthus r. is not allowed.
2.5. Keywords
Authors are requested to assign 3-6 keywords to the manuscript, preferably taken from Index Medicus or Excerpta Medica Index, for abstracting and indexing purposes. These keywords should be typed at the end of the Abstract. Each keyword should start with a capital letter and be separated from each other by a semi-colon.
2.6. Tables, illustrations and graphs
Tables should be typed on separate sheets, one table per sheet, and should bear a short descriptive title. Footnotes in tables should be indicated by consecutive superscript letters, not numbers.
Figures should be original ink drawings, photographs or computer drawn figures in the original, and of high quality, ready for direct reproduction. Xerox copies are unacceptable as they give unsatisfactory results after final printing. Figures should be drawn in such a way that they can be reduced to 8 cm in width (i.e., the column width); in exceptional cases a reduction to a width of 17.5 cm will be allowed. All lettering should be such that height of 1.2-1.5mm (minimum) of numbers and capital letters results after reduction. Numerical scales, scale and curve legends, and all other lettering within the figure itself should be drawn with a lettering guide (stencil) or should be done using stripletters (Letraset, etc). All figures should have captions. Each figure should be identified in the margin or at the back in a corner with the name of the author and the figure number. The figure captions should be typed on a separate sheet. One set of original drawings is required, together with three duplicate sets (photocopies). Reproduction in colour is allowed and all costs will be charged to the author(s).
All tables and figures should be placed at the end of the text, following References and should not be paginated.
2.7. References
References should be referred to by name and year (Harvard system) chronologically in the text (e.g.: Brown and Penry, 1973; Stuart, 1979; Ageel et al., 1987) and listed alphabetically at the end of the paper. No ampersand should be used and the words "et al." should not be underlined or italicized. Only papers and books that have been published or in press may be cited; unpublished manuscripts or manuscripts submitted to a journal but which have not been accepted may not be cited. Journal and book titles should not be underlined or italicised and should be given in full in the reference list, with no underline or italics. Examples:
Journals:
Britton, E.B., 1984. A pointer to a new hallucinogen of insect origin. Journal of Ethnopharmology 12, 331-333.
Books: Emboden, W., 1972. Narcotic Plants. Studio Vista, London, p. 24.
Multiauthor Books:
Farnsworth, N.R., 1988. Screening plants for new medicines. In: E.O. Wilson and F.M. Peter (Eds.), Biodiversity, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 83-97.
Authors in Japan please note: Upon request, Elsevier Japan will provide authors with a list of people who can check and improve the English of their paper (before submission). Please contact our Tokyo office: Elsevier Japan, 1-9-15 Higashi-Azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0044; Tel. (03)-5561-5032; Fax (03)-5561-5045.
III. Submission
All manuscripts (except reviews and books) must be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief. Authors should send an original and three copies plus a completed Author Checklist to:
Professor Dr R. Verpoorte
Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Division of Pharmacognosy
Institute of Biology
Leiden University
P.O. Box 9502
2300 RA Leiden
The Netherlands
IV. Electronic manuscripts
After final acceptance for publication, your revised manuscript must be submitted on disk, together with three identical printed hard copies, to the accepting Editor. It is important that the file on disk and the printed copies be identical. Electronic files can be submitted on floppy disks, ZIP/JAZ disks, or CD-ROM. Do not split the manuscript into separate files (title page as one file, text as another, etc.). Ensure that the letter "l" and digit "1" (also letter "O" and digit "0") have been used properly, and format your article (tabs, indents, etc.) consistently. Characters not available on your wordprocessor (Greek letters, mathematical symbols, etc.) should not be left open but indicated by a unique code (e.g., gralpha,  , #, etc., for the Greek letter ). Such codes should be used consistently throughout the entire text. Please make a list of such codes and provide a key. Do not allow your wordprocessor to introduce word splits and do not use a `justified' layout. Please adhere strictly to the general instructions on style/arrangement and, in particular, the reference style of the journal. It is very important that you save your file in the wordprocessor format. If your wordprocessor features the option to save files "in flat ASCII", please do not use it. Format your disk correctly and ensure that only the relevant file (one complete article only) is on the disk. Also, specify the type of computer and wordprocessing package used, label the disk with your name and the name of the file on the disk.
V. Copyright regulations for authors
Upon acceptance of an article by the Journal, author(s) will be asked to transfer the copyright of the article to the publisher. This transfer will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information.
VI. Correcting proofs and reprints
Elsevier Science is now sending PDF proofs to authors by e-mail for correction. If an author is unable to handle this process, regular print proofs will be sent. Elsevier Science will do everything possible to get the article corrected and published as quickly and accurately as possible. Therefore, it is important to ensure that all corrections are sent back in ONE communication. Subsequent corrections will not be possible. Only typesetting errors may be corrected; no changes in, or additions to, the accepted manuscript will be allowed. Proofs should be returned to Elsevier within 48 hours. Twenty-five offprints of each paper will be supplied free of charge to the corresponding author. Additional offprints can be ordered at prices shown on the offprint order form that accompanies the galley proofs.
VII. Author enquiries
All questions arising after acceptance of a manuscript by the Editor, especially those relating to proofs, publication, and reprints, should be directed to the Publisher.
Elsevier Ireland Ltd., Brookvale Plaza, East Park, Shannon, Co. Clare, Ireland Tel: +353-61-709600; Fax: +353-61-709100; E-mail: authorsupport@elsevier.com
Please visit the Elsevier Author Gateway at http://authors.elsevier.com to track accepted articles and set up e-mail alerts to inform you of when the article status has changed. Information on artwork guidelines, copyright information, and frequently asked questions is also available.
No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of the rapid advances made in the medical sciences, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. |
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