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期刊名称：AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN ISSN： 0002-838X 出版频率： Semi-monthly 出版社： AMER ACAD FAMILY PHYSICIANS, 8880 WARD PARKWAY, KANSAS CITY, USA, MO, 64114-2797   出版社网址： http://www.aafp.org/ 期刊网址： http://www.aafp.org/afp.xml 影响因子： 3.292 主题范畴： PRIMARY HEALTH CARE;    MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL 期刊简介(About the journal)    投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)    编辑部信息(Editorial Board)    About the journal   The American Academy of Family Physicians is one of the largest national medical organizations, representing more than 94,300 family physicians, family practice residents and medical students nationwide. Founded in 1947, its mission is to preserve and promote the science and art of family medicine and to ensure high-quality, cost-effective health care for patients of all ages. Family practice is the medical specialty that provides continuing and comprehensive health care for the individual and family. It is the specialty in breadth which integrates the biological, clinical, and behavioral sciences. The scope of family practice encompasses all ages, both sexes, each organ system, and every disease entity. Use the links on the left to learn more about the AAFP and the specialty of family practice. Email If you have comments or suggestions, please send us a message at fp@aafp.org or fill out the form below. Your feedback helps us improve the site. As time allows we respond to messages; however, the volume of email makes it impossible for us to respond to every message. If you are having technical difficulties, please fill out the form below. A representative from technical support will get in touch with you to resolve the problem.   Instructions to Authors   American Family Physician is a semimonthly, peer-reviewed journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians. AFP's chief objective is to provide high-quality continuing medical education for more than 180,000 family physicians and other primary care clinicians. The editors prefer original articles from experienced clinicians who can write succinct, authoritative, evidence-based, clinical reviews that will assist family physicians in patient care. Articles that demonstrate a family practice perspective and approach to a common clinical condition are particularly desirable. Articles and Departments Authors may submit manuscripts in one of the following categories. All articles should be submitted to Jay Siwek, M.D., Editor, unless otherwise noted (see details under "Mailing the Manuscript" below). Scientific Review Articles Most articles in AFP are evidence-based clinical review articles. AFP focuses on clinical conditions that are frequently encountered by practicing family physicians, with an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment of common, important diseases. Clinical reviews generally should be 1,500 to 1,800 words in length. AFP does not publish original research articles. Although case reports are not featured as articles, a brief case summary may be submitted in the form of a letter to the editor. Medicine and Society AFP periodically features sociopolitical commentaries written by leaders in family medicine. Unsolicited contributions occasionally are accepted. Manuscripts should be 750 to 1,250 words in length and may include six to 12 references. Curbside Consultation Authors may submit a case scenario and clinical question to Caroline Wellbery, M.D., Assistant Deputy Editor of AFP, afp@family. georgetown.edu. Materials are edited to retain confidentiality. An expert clinician will provide a commentary in response to the question. Editorials Most editorials in AFP are solicited by the editors; however, freestanding editorials are occasionally accepted. Editorials should range from 250 to 750 words in length and may include up to six references. Letters to the Editor "Letters to the Editor" are published in each issue of AFP. Some letters may be published online only; online letters will be listed in the table of contents of the print version. Authors may comment on a previously published article or present a freestanding letter on an important clinical topic. Letters should be fewer than 500 words in length, with a limit of one table or figure, and six or fewer references. Photo Quiz "Photo Quiz" presents readers with a clinical challenge based on a photograph or other figure. Authors should submit original color photographs, slides, radiographs, or digitalized images that conform to the illustration guidelines outlined below. The accompanying text should be 250 to 750 words in length. Please contact Jay Siwek, M.D., Department of Family Medicine, 212 Kober Cogan Hall, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20007 (AFP@family.georgetown.edu). Article Proposals Authors are encouraged to discuss their article ideas with the editor before beginning work on a manuscript. This allows tailoring of the topic to AFP's needs and prevents content overlap with recently published manuscripts or articles in preparation. Authors must be able to demonstrate expertise in their area of interest or manuscript topic. Clinical reviews by medical students are not considered for publication. Topic proposals may be submitted to American Family Physician, Attn.: Article Proposals, Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 212 Kober-Cogan Hall, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC 20007 (telephone: 202-687-1631; e-mail: afp@family.georgetown.edu). Preparation of the Manuscript Manuscripts formatted to conform to the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals"1 are acceptable for submission. AFP endorses these guidelines. In addition, the following information will assist in preparing the manuscript. Print the manuscript on 8 1/2 X 11-inch paper with margins of 1/2 to 2 inches on all sides. Use double-line spacing throughout each of the manuscript components and arrange the manuscript in the following sequence, with each section beginning on a new page: title page; abstract; text; acknowledgments; references; individual tables; figure legends; and a biographical sketch for each author. Number pages consecutively, in the upper right-hand corner, beginning with the title page. To accommodate blinded peer review, place the names of authors only on the cover page. Four hard copies of the manuscript should be submitted, along with a computer diskette containing the document in Microsoft Word format (if possible). The diskette should be labeled with the corresponding author's name, the manuscript title, and the software program and version. TITLE PAGE This page should contain the title; each author's name with highest academic degree, institutional affiliation, and address; the address, office and home telephone numbers, and fax numbers, as well as the e-mail address of the author responsible for correspondence about the manuscript. Sources of support in the form of grants, equipment, or drugs should be mentioned in the Author Statements Form; this information will be included as a footnote to the article. Include the word counts of the text (word count for the entire manuscript and word count for text only--excluding abstract, references, tables, and figures) on the title page. ABSTRACT Include an abstract of 150 to 250 words, depending on the length of the text. The abstract should provide factual, not descriptive, information summarizing the main points of the manuscript. For example, instead of saying, "This article will describe the differential diagnosis of chest pain in adolescents," say, "The most common causes of chest pain in adolescents include musculoskeletal strain, hyperventilation syndrome, and anxiety." For clinical reviews, highlight key points in the diagnosis and treatment of the condition discussed. TEXT Article length should be from 1,500 to 1,800 words (six to seven manuscript pages of text), not including the title page, abstract, tables, reference list, etc. Manuscripts of more than 2,500 words of text are rarely accepted. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE We now ask authors to rate the quality of evidence that supports key clinical recommendations on diagnosis and treatment. For a more detailed description of this process and for a list of good sources of evidence-based clinical recommendations, please see the following articles: "How to Write an Evidence-Based Clinical Review," by Jay Siwek, M.D., Margaret L. Gourlay, M.D., David C. Slawson, M.D., and Allen F. Shaughnessy, Pharm.D. (Am Fam Physician 2002;65:251-9). "Getting the Most from Review Articles: A Guide for Readers and Writers," by Allen F. Shaughnessy, Pharm.D., and David C. Slawson, M.D. (Am Fam Physician 1997;55:2155-60). Use the following scale when rating the quality of evidence (see also "Rating Evidence in AFP: A Sample Article." Level A (randomized controlled trial/meta-analysis): High-quality randomized controlled trial (RCT) that considers all important outcomes. High-quality systematic review of RCTs. High-quality meta-analysis (quantitative systematic review) using comprehensive search strategies. Level B (other evidence): A well-designed, nonrandomized clinical trial. A systematic review of studies other than RCTs with appropriate search strategies and well-substantiated conclusions. Lower quality RCTs, clinical cohort studies, and case-control studies with nonbiased selection of study participants and consistent findings. Other evidence, such as high-quality retrospective studies, certain uncontrolled studies, or cross-sectional studies, is also included. Level C (consensus/expert guidelines): Consensus viewpoint or expert guidelines. This category refers to official consensus statements, such as NIH Consensus Development Conference Statements or expert guidelines issued by major medical organizations, such as the NIH, CDC, American Heart Association, or American Academy of Pediatrics. They do not refer to the personal opinion of individual authors or to clinical review articles. Each rating is applied to a single reference in the article, not to the entire body of evidence on a topic. Authors should directly cite original research studies, rather than citing evidence that is presented within a clinical review article. Clinical review articles will not be assigned evidence ratings. Each label should include the letter rating (A, B, C), followed by the specific type of study for that reference. For example, following a level B rating, include one of these descriptors: (1) nonrandomized clinical trial; (2) systematic review of studies other than RCTs; (3) lower quality RCT; (4) clinical cohort study; (5) case-control study; (6) retrospective study; (7) uncontrolled study; (8) cross-sectional study. Here are some examples that demonstrate how levels of evidence would be identified in the text: To improve morbidity and mortality, most patients in congestive heart failure should be treated with an ACE inhibitor.ref [Evidence level A, systematic review of RCTs] The USPSTF recommends that clinicians routinely screen asymptomatic pregnant women 25 years and younger for chlamydial infection.ref [Evidence level B, nonrandomized clinical trial] The American Diabetes Association recommends screening for diabetes every three years in all patients at high risk of the disease, including all adults 45 years and older.ref [Evidence level C, consensus/expert guidelines] EVIDENCE-BASED CME The AAFP Commission on Continuing Medical Education (COCME) has developed new criteria for evidence-based clinical content. CME clinical content is evidence-based (EB CME) if it presents practice recommendations supported by evidence that has been systematically reviewed by an approved source. The format for EB CME articles in AFP will differ from the format of our typical review articles in the following ways: EB CME articles will feature a brief "Data Sources" section describing the search methodology for studies cited in the article. This section should specify the following: Online databases searched, e.g., MEDLINE (include implementation, such as PubMed, Silver Platter, PREMEDLINE), Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, EMBASE. Other sources of information, including references of published articles, conference proceedings, chapters from textbooks, other online sources. Dates of articles searched. Medical subject heading search terms used. Inclusions and exclusions (e.g., RCTs only, case reports excluded). EB CME articles will conclude with a table of evidence summarizing studies that are presented and rated in the text. Authors may write articles for AFP that qualify for EB CME by following the COCME guidelines. You should mention your interest in preparing an article that meets these criteria when you submit the proposal for your manuscript. AFP's first EB CME article was published in the July 15, 2002 issue. The article, titled "Recent Developments in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Prevention" by Michael Pignone, M.D., M.P.H., and Bernard Levin, M.D. (Am Fam Physician 2002;66:297-302) serves as an eample. For an annotated version, click here. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS You may acknowledge professional help in the preparation or review of your manuscript. Written permission is required to publish the names of persons acknowledged (see Author Statements Form). REFERENCES  Provide appropriate reference citations to support statistical information, reports of previous studies, controversial statements, etc. Emphasize recent references (past five years); in general, avoid letters to the editor, editorials, and references that are older than 10 years or of historic interest only. Avoid citing review articles that are not systematic literature reviews or meta-analyses. Do not use abstracts, unpublished observations, manuscripts in preparation or submitted for publication, personal communications, or references from obscure or non@English-language journals. Emphasize journals that are available in most hospital libraries. Base key clinical recommendations on evidence-based practice guidelines if appropriate. To avoid plagiarism, be sure not to use the language, content, or concepts of another source without an appropriate reference. Do not use extensive verbatim or near-verbatim portions of text from another source, even with appropriate citation. Number references in the text in the order of citation. Use double-line spacing in your reference list; arrange references numerically, not alphabetically. Titles of journals should be abbreviated according to the style used in Index Medicus. List the first six authors followed by "et al."; if there are fewer than six authors, list them all. The average number of references for a full-length article ranges from 10to 25. Do not exceed 35 references. References first cited in tables or figure legends must be numbered to remain in sequence with references cited in the text. Note the following examples of reference style: Standard Journal Article Weiss BD. Nonpharmacologic treatment of urinary incontinence. Am Fam Physician 1991;44:579-86. Gold D, Bowden R, Sixbey J, Riggs R, Katon WJ, Ashley R, et al. Chronic fatigue. A prospective clinical and virologic study. JAMA 1990;264:48-53. Chapter in a Book Murray JL. Care of the elderly. In: Taylor RB, ed. Family medicine: principles and practice. 3d ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988:521-32. Please note that no periods are used after the authors' initials or after journal abbreviations, and that "et al." is used after the sixth author's name when there are more than six authors. Include beginning and ending page numbers for journal and book references. ILLUSTRATIONS (TABLES AND FIGURES) Quality illustrations are encouraged in AFP. Authors should maximize the educational value of tables, figures, and photographs. Number tables and figures sequentially with Arabic numerals (e.g., Table 1, Figure 1) and reference them appropriately within the text. Give complete reference data and include photocopies of all tables and figures borrowed or adapted from other sources. AFP will seek permission from the copyright owner to use tables, algorithms, or diagrams previously published in other journals. Photographs, diagnostic images, and illustrations should be original. Tables Tables should be interpretable without reference to the text. Each table should have a title. Print and submit each table with double-line spacing on a separate sheet of paper. Figures AFP encourages the submission of original illustrations, diagrams, photography, x-rays, scans, sonograms, and other figures (e.g., graphs, flow charts, algorithms) that clarify the text. Figures may be submitted in the form of color slides, glossy prints, or high-quality laser prints (for line art), or as digital files. Authors may also submit original diagnostic images (e.g., ECGs, sonograms, x-rays); these will be returned to the author after publication of the article. Because the quality of original illustration varies, it may be necessary to have the art redrawn to meet AFP's artistic standards. AFP's art department is available to assist authors in the creation of original, high-quality artwork to illustrate manuscripts accepted for publication. This service is provided at no charge to authors but is subject to editorial judgment. Symbols, lettering, and arrows in figures should be clearly marked and large enough to remain legible if the size of the illustration is reduced for publication. On the back of each photograph or slide, use a self-adhesive label to indicate the figure number, the corresponding author's last name, and the proper orientation (i.e., "top"). Slides may be marked on the front. Do not use paper clips or write directly on the back of photographs. Photographs in which patients are identifiable must be accompanied by the patients' written permission for publication. There is no charge for the use of color photographs or slides. Photographs and radiographic images from textbooks and journals cannot be reproduced in AFP, regardless of whether permission has been obtained from the publisher. If you are submitting figures in digital format, save each figure as a separate file. Each file should be saved with a name that includes the AFP manuscript number and figure number as referenced in the manuscript. Files may be submitted on 3.5-inch diskettes, Zip diskettes, or CDs. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) files are preferred; JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) files are also acceptable. Do not save the images within a Microsoft Word or PowerPoint document. Arrows may be added; however, labels, letters, and numbers should not be added to the digital images. When you submit your manuscript, enclose the art diskette and four hard copies (laser/inkjet) of the figures numbered and marked appropriately (e.g., arrows, labels). The legend for each figure should be typed with double-line spacing on a separate page. Do not send digitalized images by e-mail. Image resolution is typically measured in pixels per inch, or ppi (some use the term dots per inch, or dpi). The image's resolution and its dimensions determine the overall file size of the image, as well as the quality of the output. While images with a resolution of 72 ppi (28.35 pixels per cm) are adequate for materials posted on the Web, this resolution is inadequate for print media. For color and grayscale images of 3 to 5 inches, we recommend a resolution of 300 ppi (118.11 pixels per cm). Line drawings in black and white require a higher resolution of 600 ppi (236.22 pixels per cm). An image generated by a digital camera as a 72 ppi JPEG file may still be acceptable if it measures at least 14 inches wide or high. Acceptance of a manuscript for publication may be contingent on provision of artwork that meets the above specifications. If you have any questions about the preparation of art or digital images for your manuscript, contact Dave Klemm, AFP Medical Art Coordinator, at afp@family.georgetown.edu. After your manuscript has been accepted for publication, address questions about art to the medical editor. BIOGRAPHIC SKETCH Include brief biographic sketches for each author. Succinctly summarize each author's medical training, current position, and academic appointments. Follow the format as it appears in previously published articles in AFP. STYLE GUIDELINES Headings. Use ALL CAPITALS to indicate major sections of a paper, and Initial Capitals to indicate subsections. SI Units. Include SI units in parentheses after conventional units. See the January 6, 1993, issue of JAMA (vol. 269, p. 156) for a table of preferred SI units and conversion factors. Measurements. Do not put periods after metric measurements (e.g., 3.5 mmol per L, 11.6 mg per kg). Numbers. Spell out numbers one through nine. Use numerals for 10 and higher. Exception: Always use numerals in dosages, percentages, degrees of temperature, and metric measurements. Drug Names. Use the generic name for all drugs. Include the trade name in parentheses after the first mention of a drug in the text. Abbreviations. Except for units of measurement, abbreviations are discouraged. When first used, an abbreviation should be preceded by the words for which it stands. Percentages. Use the word "percent" rather than the percent sign (%). Style Questions. For questions about medical writing style, consult the American Medical Association Manual of Style.2 Formatting Text. Note the following general text formatting guidelines: (1) do not justify the right margin; (2) do not use bold print or italics; and (3) use a single, standard typeface of letter quality. Use of Inclusive, Humanistic Language. Avoid sexual and racial bias; use gender-inclusive language whenever possible. Do not mention the race of a patient in a case summary unless it is clinically relevant. Refer to "men and women" rather than "males and females" where possible. Do not refer to a patient as a case or a subject. MAILING THE MANUSCRIPT Send the manuscript, three clear copies, and the diskette to Jay Siwek, M.D., Editor, American Family Physician, Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 212 Kober-Cogan Hall, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC 20007 (telephone: 202-687-1631; fax: 202-687-7230; e-mail: afp@family. georgetown.edu). Send four sets of all materials, including the entire manuscript, and three sets of illustrations. AUTHOR STATEMENTS Manuscripts submitted for publication must be accompanied by an Author Statements Form signed by all authors. This form includes an authorship statement, a financial disclosure statement, a copyright transfer statement or a statement of federal employment, and an acknowledgment statement. Authorship Statement. AFP considers only manuscripts that are original, have not been published previously, and are not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The final version must have been seen and approved by all authors. Each author must sign the Author Statements Form. Financial Disclosure Statement. The AAFP expects authors to disclose any commercial association that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted manuscript. Each author must sign the financial disclosure statement, with any financial interest or arrangement disclosed in a separate attachment. To avoid bias or the perception of bias, AFP will not consider manuscripts sponsored directly or indirectly by a pharmaceutical company, public relations firm, or other commercial entity, or those written by an author with a financial interest in a company that makes a product discussed in the manuscript or a competing product. All funding sources supporting a work should be acknowledged on the title page of the manuscript. Authors should also indicate any pharmaceutical or other corporate affiliations on the title page. The editorial staff may inquire further about financial disclosure after the manuscript is submitted. If the manuscript is accepted for publication, any financial disclosure or potential conflict of interest will be acknowledged at the end of the manuscript text. Copyright Transfer. Each author must sign one of the two ownership statements included in the Author Statements Form. ?Copyright transfer--Each author who was not an employee of the U.S. federal government during preparation of the work must sign the copyright assignment statement, which assigns, transfers, and conveys all rights, title, and interest in the work, including copyright ownership, to the AAFP in the event that the work is published by the AAFP. All accepted manuscripts become the permanent property of the AAFP and may not be published elsewhere without written permission from the AAFP. ?Federal employment--Each author who was an employee of the U.S. federal government during preparation of the manuscript must sign the statement of federal employment, which indicates that the work is not protected by the Copyright Act and that there is no copyright ownership that can be transferred. Acknowledgment. The corresponding author must sign the acknowledgment statement in the Author Statements Form, which ensures that all persons who have made substantial contributions to the work but who are not authors have been named in the acknowledgment and have given their written permission to be named. Manuscript Processing and Review ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND MANUSCRIPT NUMBER A letter stating the number assigned to the manuscript will be sent to the corresponding author at the time of receipt of the manuscript. Please refer to this number in any communication about the manuscript. PEER REVIEW Manuscripts are initially reviewed by the editors for suitability and adherence to the guidelines outlined above. Acceptable manuscripts are sent out for review by at least one family physician and one expert in the subject discussed. The latter may be a family physician or a subspecialist in another discipline. EDITORIAL REVIEW A decision about acceptance, revision, or rejection is sent to the corresponding author, generally within eight to 12 weeks of receipt of the manuscript. RETURN OF MANUSCRIPT AND ILLUSTRATIONS Manuscripts not accepted for publication will not be returned unless the corresponding author requested this at the time of manuscript submission. Original artwork, photographs, slides, and other illustrations will automatically be returned if the manuscript is not accepted for publication. For manuscripts accepted for publication, illustrations will be returned after the article is published. MANUSCRIPT EDITING When a manuscript is accepted, it will be edited to conform to AFP style. An edited manuscript will be sent to the corresponding author for review before publication. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work, including any changes made by the editors and authorized by the corresponding author. REFERENCES  International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. N Engl J Med 1997;336:309-16.  Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB, Glass RM, Glitman P, Lantz JC, et al. American Medical Association manual of style. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998. Checklist for Manuscripts Submitted to AFP   Please review this checklist carefully before submitting your manuscript to ensure its completeness and conformity with AFP style.   Quality of evidence supporting key recommendations on diagnosis and treatment is rated, using the following scale: level A (RCT/meta-analysis), level B (other evidence), level C (consensus/ expert guidelines).   Entire manuscript submitted in quadruplicate (original and three clear copies), double-line spacing throughout (including abstract, references, tables, and figure legends). Manuscript arranged and numbered in the following sequence: title page, abstract, text, acknowledgments, references, tables, figure legends, and biographic sketch for each author.   Computer diskette labeled with author's name, manuscript title, and software program and version.   Author Statements Form signed by each author. This form contains the authorship statement, financial disclosure statement, copyright transfer statement or statement of federal employment, and acknowledgment statement.   Title page with each author's name, academic degree, address, and affiliation; business and home telephone numbers and fax number of the corresponding author, with address and e-mail address for correspondence.   Abstract of 150 to 250 words.   Reference citations within the text and a corresponding reference list, typed double-line spacing, in numerical--not alphabetical--order. Recent references preferred (past five years). Usual range, 10 to 25; maximum, 35.   Each table or figure typed with double-line spacing or drawn on a separate sheet of paper and inserted at the end of the manuscript. All tables and figures have titles, and all figures and other illustrations have descriptive legends. All tables, figures, and illustrations cited at the appropriate places in the text.   All photographs, slides, figures, and tables submitted in triplicate. Artwork meets the criteria in the "Illustrations" section of the AFP Information for Authors.   Signed release for any patient photographs.   Complete citations and photocopies of any material previously published; AFP editors will seek permission to reproduce copyrighted material.   Style guidelines reviewed (e.g., SI units included, right-hand margins unjustified, no bold or italic typeface used).   Word count of the entire manuscript and word count of the text alone provided. Editorial Board   Editor   Jay Siwek, M.D., Washington, D.C. Deputy Editor Charles W. Smith, M.D., Little Rock, Ark. Assistant Deputy Editor Caroline Wellbery, M.D., Washington, D.C. Associate Editors Barbara Apgar, M.D., M.S., Ann Arbor, Mich. Richard Sadovsky, M.D., Brooklyn, N.Y. Anne D. Walling, M.D., Wichita, Kan. Bill Zepf, M.D., Sacremento, Calif. Assistant Editors Clarissa C. Kripke, M.D., San Francisco, Calif. Sumi M. Sexton, M.D., Washington, D.C. Karl E. Miller, M.D., Chattanooga, Tenn. Contributing Editors Marc S. Berger, M.D., Crystal Beach, Fla. Margaret Gourlay, M.D., Chapel Hill, N.C. Editorial Fellow Charles J. Carter, Jr., M.D., Washington, D.C. Assistants to the Editor Taiya Olayinka Editorial Assistants Mindy Saraco, Le-Marie V.J. Thompson Managing Editor Janis Wright Senior Editors Linnea Korinek, Verna L. Rose Senior Consulting Editor Barrett Schroeder Senior Manuscript Editors Matthew Neff, Monica Preboth, Genevieve W. Ressel, Brian Torrey Manuscript Editor Carrie Morantz Copy Editors Lori Parry, Karen M. Vaughn Editorial Assistants Sarah J. Evans, Heather C. McNeill Washington Correspondent Rosemarie Sweeney Reference Verifications David Wright Medical Art Coordinator David Klemm