期刊名称：CANCER DISCOVERY
 期刊简介(About the journal)
投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)
编辑部信息(Editorial Board)
About the journal
Online ISSN: 2159-8290
Print ISSN: 2159-8274
For an alternate route to Cancer Discovery Online:
http://intl-cancerdiscovery.aacrjournals.org
Cancer Discovery, a new journal from the American Association for Cancer Research, publishes high-impact, peer-reviewed articles describing major advances in research and clinical trials. Cancer Discovery is the essential cancer information resource and also publishes review articles, perspectives and commentaries, news, and Research Watch summaries of important journal articles. Topics span the spectrum of cancer research and medicine from the laboratory to the clinic to epidemiologic studies.
Instructions to Authors
| AACR Journals: Instructions for Authors |
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The general instructions below apply to all journals published by the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR). Before you submit a manuscript for publication, please be sure to read and follow them. Also, please visit our Author Services Center where you will find various helpful tools and information relevant to publishing in AACR journals. Submission of a manuscript to an AACR journal implies that its author(s) understand and accept the policies of the journal and have complied with the Instructions for Authors, unless outlined otherwise in the cover letter accompanying the original submission. |
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Each journal also has specific information regarding scope and the types of articles it publishes, as well as further instructions, that can be accessed by following these links — or by downloading the PDF:
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| Editorial Policies |
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| General Publishing Policies |
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Who should be listed as an author is determined by the authors or by policies at their institutions, or both. As a general guideline, persons listed as authors should have contributed substantially to 1) the conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting of the article or revising it for important content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published. The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that all authors have agreed 1) to be authors and to be listed in the order specified by the submitting author; 2) to the manuscript's content; and 3) to its submission to the journal. If any changes to authorship are proposed after the manuscript is submitted (including the order of author listing), the corresponding author must provide the AACR Publications Department with signed documentation (Authorship Change Form) from each author on the manuscript, including those being added, removed, or rearranged in byline order, affirming that the authors all agree to the changes. AACR journals accept no responsibility for deciding matters of authorship. |
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Authors submitting to AACR journals will now be required to indicate the contribution(s) each has made to the manuscript at its revision stage. Potential contributions include:
- Conception and design
- Development of methodology
- Acquisition of data
- Analysis and interpretation of data
- Writing, review and/or revision of the manuscript
- Administrative, technical, or material support
- Study supervision
- Other
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AACR publications follow the recommendations on group authorship presented in the Council of Science Editors (CSE) White Paper on Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications. The submitting author must identify any group named as an author as well as the named individuals from that group who accept responsibility for the article.
If all individuals belonging to the group take responsibility, then the group itself is an author and all members must be named and sign copyright release forms. In this case the group name should appear in the byline, and the names of all members should appear in a note. However, if the group is the only author, then at least one author must be identified by name who will be responsible for manuscript communications, and who will respond to inquiries about the published article. This author's name and contact information should be presented as the Corresponding Author in a note on the title page.
Byline examples:
- The XYZ Group (the group is the only author)
- Author1, Author2, . . ., and the XYZ Group (the group is one of several authors)
If a subset of group members is taking responsibility for the article, then these individuals must be named and sign copyright release forms. In this case, the named members should appear in the byline along with the group name. Other members who are not authors may be listed in the Acknowledgments.
Byline examples:
- Author1, Author2, and Author3 for the XYZ Group (the three authors are writing on behalf of the Group)
- Author1, Author2, Author3; Author4 and Author5 for the XYZ Group; Author6, Author7. . . (authors 4 and 5 are writing on behalf of the group; other authors are unaffiliated with the group)
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| No prior or subsequent publication |
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When a manuscript is submitted for consideration, the authors should confirm in writing that neither the submitted manuscript nor any similar manuscript, in whole or in part, other than an abstract, is under consideration, in press, or published elsewhere. The corresponding author is responsible for attesting to this on behalf of all authors via the online submission form. |
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AACR journal policy requires that authors and reviewers reveal to the Editors-in-Chief, Deputy Editors, Senior Editors, or Scientific Editors any relationships that they believe could be construed as resulting in an actual, potential, or perceived conflict of interest with regard to the manuscript submitted for review. All new and revised submissions to AACR journals must include such a statement. The authors are responsible for providing a detailed conflict of interest statement on the title page of their submission, even if there are no conflicts to disclose. To ensure that the editors and reviewers assigned have ready access, manuscripts will not enter the peer review process unless this statement is included. If the manuscript moves to the revision stage, each of the authors will be contacted and asked to complete an individual, electronic conflict-of-interest form. The existence of financial interests or other relationships of a commercial nature is not necessarily regarded as creating a conflict of interest. Rather, AACR journals' policy represents a recognition of the many factors that can influence judgments about research data and a desire to make as much information as possible available to those reviewing the data. If a potential conflict of interest is disclosed, notification concerning the relationship will be published along with the article. |
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AACR's Communications Department periodically sends out news releases regarding upcoming articles of interest. Upon request from a reporter, AACR makes the full text of these articles available in advance of publication with the understanding that the embargo policy will be upheld. Embargo dates and times are stated on news releases sent by AACR.
If an author's institution is planning on promoting an accepted manuscript in one of the AACR journals, the author or institution should contact Jeremy Moore, Senior Manager for Science Communications, to determine embargo dates (Phone: (267) 646-0557; Fax: (215) 440-9410; Email: PublicationsPress@aacr.org) . Because AACR journals publish accepted manuscripts "OnlineFirst," usually within days of acceptance, it is important to contact the Communications Department to coordinate publicity efforts as soon as possible, preferably during the revision of the manuscript. The online article is considered the article of record, while the print issue follows as an archive.
Advanced release of material is intended for reporters only but may be shared with third parties such as coworkers at the author's institution or organization or experts in the field for the purposes of obtaining expert opinion and commentary. The reporter is responsible for communicating and obtaining an understanding from the third party that the embargo will be honored and the advance material will not be further distributed without permission from AACR's Communications Department.
Reporters should credit the appropriate AACR journal as the source of the information in any reports. Reproducing content from the advance material for inclusion in reports requires permission from AACR (see Copyright and Permissions). |
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All reviewers and editors are required to adhere to ethical guidelines that mandate strict confidentiality concerning all aspects of the manuscripts and their content. Manuscripts submitted for consideration for publication are privileged communications, and the status of the manuscript and details regarding it are available only to AACR editorial staff, authors, and the editors and peer reviewers involved.
Submission of a manuscript implies acceptance by all authors of the strict policy of the AACR that under no circumstances will the identities of the editors, or information leading to the identities of the editors, be revealed. |
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| Availability and Deposit of Materials and Data |
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Materials, data, and protocols should be made available upon request and within a reasonable amount of time, with terms to be agreed upon by the party making the request and the authors. Restrictions on availability must be disclosed in the cover letter at the time of manuscript submission. Investigators must exercise great care to ensure that data and resources involving human subjects and materials derived from human subjects do not identify original donors or subjects either directly or through identifiers such as codes linked to the donors or subjects. These requirements are subject to amendment, as the need for disclosure is likely to change with evolving technologies. The publisher will contact the authors' institution(s) in cases where authors do not follow policy. |
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Unique materials, such as cells, plasmids, antibodies, or animal models, and protocols that were used in the research reported and which are not available from commercial suppliers must be made available either through the authors' laboratories or organizations or through an appropriate collection or repository. If they are not submitted to a repository, the materials should be made available as long as they are currently used in the researchers' laboratories and available to the researchers themselves. Materials that are difficult to obtain or cannot be easily propagated or synthesized are exempt from this requirement. Authors are not required to share materials when requests are for intended commercial use. The requesting party will be responsible for any reasonable associated cost. |
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The publication of articles including new genes, proteins, genomics, SNPs, proteomics, or crystallographic structures is contingent upon deposition in a publicly accessible database, when available (see "Depositing Data in Public Databases"). Any corresponding accession numbers must be provided in the manuscript prior to acceptance for publication. Above-mentioned data for which a publicly available database does not exist must be made available for a period of 3 years, and requests for data are limited to those contained in the article. Also, authors may be required to make primary data available to editors or reviewers upon request. These reporting requirements extend to the sequences of oligonucleotides used in antisense strategies and RNA, the chemical structures of drugs and synthetic compounds that have not been previously published (see below), and the details of the synthesis or methods of production of the molecules and materials used in the experiments (if not commercially available). For previously reported structures and sequences, accurate references must be provided in the manuscript. |
| Chemical structures and synthesis |
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The exact chemical structures (and not simply the chemical names) of any unpublished synthetic, low-molecular-weight chemical compounds used as part of the described research (including clinical studies in humans) must be disclosed. For novel structures previously unreported, experimental details of the synthetic methodology should be included in the main body of the paper or in the Supplementary Data. Any references or patents cited that provide the synthesis of compounds should specifically identify the exact molecules that are studied in the paper; general references to patents are not sufficient. |
| Depositing data in public databases |
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The AACR requires that authors submitting manuscripts describing microarray data be prepared to supply peer reviewers with the data in a format that conforms to the Minimum Information About a Microarray Gene Experiment (MIAME) guidelines of the Microarray Gene Expression Data society (MGED). These guidelines include a checklist of information that should accompany each new microarray submission. Authors will also be required to deposit the data with either of 2 public repositories — GEO or Array Express — and to publish the accession numbers in the article.
Large data sets of peripheral significance to the main thesis of the investigation will not be published in the print journals but may be posted as a data supplement to the online version of the article. Supplementary Data must be submitted for review with the manuscript.
Authors of manuscripts with new nucleotide or amino acid sequences must deposit the sequence information with GenBank. Authors outside of the United States may elect to deposit sequence information in the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) database or the DNA Databank of Japan.
Authors must submit the relevant accession numbers for deposited sequences with the manuscript and these will be published with the article. Whether a sequence is the one the author has deposited or if the author is simply referring to it in the text, the accession number or ID code should always be included in the text so that we can create a link to the appropriate database.
Examples:
GenBank accession no. Y13182
PDB ID code 2JVD |
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In accordance with the guidelines published by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and the changes to the policy published in an ICMJE editorial in June 2007, AACR journals require, as a condition of consideration for publication, that all clinical trials be registered in one of 5 ICMJE-approved public trial registries (www.ClinicalTrials.gov, www.actr.org.au, www.ISRCTN.org, www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index/htm, or www.trialregister.nl). Trials must be registered at or before the onset of patient enrollment. In addition to accepting registration in any of the above 5 registries, and following the recommendation of ICMJE, AACR journals accept registration of clinical trials in any of the primary registers that participate in the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP). Whether the trial is the subject of the paper or the author refers to other trials in the text, the registration number should always be included so that we can create a link to the trial's record in the appropriate database.
Examples:
Trial registration ID: NCT00404079
Trial registration ID: ISRCTN51857546
Registration only in a partner registry is insufficient. AACR journals have implemented the WHO definition of clinical trials for all trials that began enrollment on or after January 1, 2009. This definition states that a clinical trial is "any research study that prospectively assigns human participants or groups of humans to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcomes." For more information, see ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. |
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| Data Presentation |
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| Electrophoretic gels and blots |
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Authors are asked to include positive and negative controls, as well as molecular size markers, on each gel and blot and to provide a citation for previously characterized antibodies. For antibodies that are less well characterized in the system under study, we require a detailed characterization that demonstrates not only the specificity of the antibody but also the range of reactivity of the reagent in the assay, which will be published as Supplementary Data. Vertically sliced gels should be clearly separated, with no juxtaposed lanes, or a line can be included delineating the boundary between the lanes.
The display of cropped gels and blots in the main manuscript is encouraged if it improves the clarity and conciseness of the presentation. In such cases, the cropping must be mentioned in the figure legend. These uncropped images should be labeled as in the main text. The manuscript's figure legends should include the information noted below:
- Cropped gels in the manuscript must retain important bands.
- Cropped blots in the body of the manuscript should retain at least 6 bandwidths above and below the band.
- High-contrast gels and blots are discouraged, as overexposure may mask additional bands. Authors should strive for exposures with gray backgrounds. High-contrast immunoblots should be surrounded by a black line to indicate the borders of the blot.
- All image acquisition tools and image processing software must be described.
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| Image acquisition and analysis |
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It is the author's responsibility to exercise discretion during data acquisition, where misrepresentation must be avoided. Acquisition of images for comparative purposes must be standardized. Specimen areas should be selected that objectively represent the critical features being presented. Images should be captured in a noncompressing format such as TIFF or BMP. Authors should retain their unprocessed images and metadata files, as editors may request them to aid in manuscript evaluation. If unprocessed data are unavailable, manuscript evaluation may be delayed until the issue is resolved. Files that have been adjusted in any way should be saved separately from the originals, also in a noncompressed format. Compressed formats, such as JPG, should only be used for presentation of final figures, when requested, to keep file sizes small for electronic transmission.
Eight-bit monochrome or 24-bit RGB acquisition is acceptable for visual documentation, but the image should be captured at higher bit depths for fine analysis of intensity data. Only unprocessed original files should be used for analysis. If data are presented that include mathematical representations of pixel intensities and locations, the original unprocessed files must be provided for review. |
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The grouping of images from different originals must be made explicit, both by the arrangement of the figure (i.e., adding dividing lines) and in the text of the figure legend. This arrangement also applies to multiple fields taken from the same image (such as individual lanes combined from a single electrophoresis gel) and separate images acquired with different conditions. If dividing lines are not included, they will be added by our production department, and this addition may result in publication delays.
Figures presenting merged color images from fluorescence originals must include the original single-channel images used to make the merged file. Original images captured as color files are acceptable, but grayscale images are preferred and should be laid out in sequence as part of the figure.
Multiple images may be combined into a single photomontage when the area of interest cannot be captured in a single image. In such a case, all images that make up the montage must be captured using a standardized method. Each smaller image must overlap its neighboring image by one quarter of the shared field in each direction. The outer boundary of the combined image must be clearly delineated with a line. Any post-processing must be done to the total combined montage. |
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Publication in AACR journals is contingent on the minimal use of image adjustment, and the final image must remain representative. Adjustments of brightness, contrast, or color balance are acceptable only if they are applied to the whole image and as long as they do not obscure or eliminate any information present in the original, including backgrounds. Nonlinear manipulation, such as "gamma," should only be used to adjust the overall presentation of the image to assure that details are visible in the printed form. Alteration to specific features within the image is generally not acceptable. Subforms of an image should not be enhanced, obscured, moved or removed in relation to the larger image.
Nonlinear algorithms to enhance overall presentation, such as background subtraction, shading correction, sharpening, despeckling, and flattening, may be acceptable, but disclosure of adjustment must be included in the legend and the specific techniques must be described. Descriptions must include the original, unprocessed files for comparison. |
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Images made available to referees should be at least 300 dpi at the size in which they will be published. Adjustments should be applied to the entire image. Threshold manipulation, expansion or contraction of signal ranges and the altering of high signals should be avoided. "Pseudo-coloring" and nonlinear adjustment (e.g., "gamma changes") are only allowed if unavoidable and must be disclosed, as noted above. The following items should be included with the final revised version of the manuscript for publication:
- Magnification scale bar for each image
- In the Methods section — type of equipment (microscopes/objective lenses, cameras, detectors) used; acquisition software; and description of specialized techniques requiring large amounts of processing, such as confocal, deconvolution, 3D reconstructions, or surface and volume rendering
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| Reporting on cell line use |
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AACR strongly encourages the authentication of cell lines used in the research reported in its journals. If cell lines were used in the research, a statement addressing the following points must be included in the Materials and Methods section of the manuscript:
- From where and when the cells were obtained
- Whether the cell lines have been tested and authenticated
- The method by which the cells were tested
- How and when the cells were last tested
If cells were obtained directly from a cell bank that performs cell line characterizations and passaged in the user's laboratory for fewer than 6 months after receipt or resuscitation, reauthentication is not required. In these cases, the author should include the method of characterization used by the cell bank.
Resources for Authors regarding the cell line policy are available on our Author Services Center. |
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In addition to the use of common names, authors are required to include the approved nomenclature at the first mention of any gene or protein described in their manuscript. All gene names, whether approved or common, must follow the correct format guidelines: italicized and all upper case when referring to human genes; and italicized and first letter upper case and the remainder lower case for mouse genes. (Complete instructions in nomenclature can be obtained from the organism-specific genome website; see below.) Protein names are the same as the gene symbol but not italicized and in all upper-case letters, regardless of organism. Inclusion of the approved nomenclature will minimize confusion and make it possible for the journal to provide links to the genome databases for the online version of the article. For example, the incorrect, but commonly used, names for Cdkn1a include Cip1, p21, Waf1, and Sdi1. In addition, p38 can ambiguously refer to several different genes, including Ahsa1, Grap2, Syp, and Aimp2, as well as Mapk14. Approved human gene symbols can be obtained from the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee website. Approved mouse nomenclature can be obtained from Mouse Genome Informatics. If no approved gene name exists, the authors must obtain an approved gene name from the appropriate committee or other resource through one of the links shown below:
Human: http://www.genenames.org/about/contact-details
Mouse: http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgihome/nomen/index.shtml
Rat: http://rgd.mcw.edu/nomen/nomen.shtml |
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In experiments involving animal models, details concerning sex, age, weight, strain, substrain, and source must be delineated. The genetic crosses that were used to generate the experimental and control population must also be described. Strain information may be included in the Materials and Methods section (or Methods for Cancer Discovery) or in Supplementary Data. In descriptions of genetically engineered animals, the source and strain of the embryonic stem (ES) cell should be included, along with details on whether the animals have been maintained on the original background (isogenic with the ES cell genetic background), maintained on a mixed strain background, or made congenic onto another strain. In addition, the genotype of all experimental and control groups must be specified. Authors should follow the naming conventions outlined in a recent article (Montoliu L, Whitelaw CB. Transgenic Res 2011;20:435–40), which are summarized by the International Society for Transgenic Technologies. |
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| Submission Procedures |
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| Online submission to SmartSubmit |
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All submissions must be made electronically through the AACR SmartSubmit online system. Before you submit a manuscript, be sure to read all the AACR Instructions for Authors as well as the specific instructions (links are at the top of this page) for the journal to which you are submitting. You will find complete details on how to submit a manuscript when you log on to SmartSubmit to create an author account. Each journal's SmartSubmit homepage is linked below:
When you submit your manuscript online, you will be asked to provide or select the following:
- Title of the manuscript
- Running title to appear at the top of each printed page
- Full names and affiliations of all authors, complete with first and middle names or initials, and contact information (including email address) for each
- The type of manuscript and an indication of whether or not it was invited
- At least two keywords from the pull-down list of terms to classify your manuscript; in addition to the keyword selection, you may also provide your own keywords in the text boxes provided
- Upload PDFs or other files for Supplementary Data (if applicable)
- A cover letter to be uploaded along with your manuscript and graphics files; include a description of the novel and salient findings of the work, as well as pertinent information not covered elsewhere in the submission form
- Abstract typed into the box provided; abstracts are often copied directly by secondary services, so they should recapitulate in abbreviated form the purpose of the study and the experimental technique, results, and interpretations of the data; they should include a synopsis of all pertinent data but not include references; abbreviations and acronyms should be avoided
- Answers to questions about the manuscript, such as statement of authorship, and acceptance of color reproduction costs and page charges
When you have completed the submission form, you will be able to upload your cover letter, manuscript, and graphics files, and Supplementary Data (if applicable). |
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To expedite publication, accepted manuscripts are copyedited electronically. When submitting manuscripts, authors are strongly encouraged to upload original source files into the AACR SmartSubmit system. Uploading original source files will greatly facilitate publication of an accepted manuscript. The following are acceptable file formats:
- Manuscript files: Word, WordPerfect, Encapsulated Postscript (EPS), Text, Postscript, Rich Text Format (RTF), or PDF (accepted for original submissions only; not for revisions)
- Graphics files: TIFF, GIF, Postscript, PowerPoint (PPT), or EPS
Once you have successfully submitted your manuscript online, you will receive acknowledgment via email. |
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If you have been asked to revise your manuscript and you are ready to resubmit it, log on to the AACR SmartSubmit system and, on your author home page, click the "Revised Manuscript" link of the manuscript you wish to resubmit. You will be asked to review the information you originally submitted to confirm its accuracy. In your cover letter, please be sure to provide a point-by-point reply to the reviewers' comments as well as a listing of all the changes made, including any changes to authorship, noting the page numbers on which the individual changes appear.
When you have successfully resubmitted your manuscript, you will receive acknowledgment via email.
The revised version of your manuscript may undergo another review if the original submission required extensive changes or if the authors' responses to the criticisms entail rebuttal rather than revision. A decision as to whether or not the manuscript will be sent back out for review is made at the discretion of the Editors. |
| Appeals for reconsideration |
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Manuscripts that have been declined for publication will be reconsidered only at the discretion of the Editor(s). Authors who wish to request reconsideration of a previously rejected manuscript must do so in writing by sending correspondence that includes the manuscript ID number to the Editorial Office. Requests for reconsideration sent to a location other than the Editorial Office will not receive a reply. Please be advised that due to keen competition for journal space, only those manuscripts that have been judged to be of the highest priority can be accepted for publication. In your correspondence, please explain in detail the reasons why you feel the manuscript should be reconsidered. If it is determined that it should be reconsidered, you will be asked to submit it as a new manuscript. It will receive a new identification number and date of receipt and then undergo review as a new submission. Reconsidered manuscripts for Cancer Research will require payment of the standard submission fee. Please note that Clinical Cancer Research does not consider appeals. |
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| Format and Style |
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Manuscripts should be written in clear, grammatical English, typed double-spaced, and all pages must be numbered. Manuscripts that are not in AACR style or that are not in good idiomatic English may be returned to the author without review. For the convenience of authors whose native language is not English, we have provided a list of editing and proofreading services for scientific manuscripts in our Author Services Center. Laboratory jargon as well as terminology and abbreviations not consistent with internationally accepted guidelines should be avoided.
The AACR journals generally conform to usage guidelines in Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (Seventh Edition, 2006, published by the Council of Science Editors, Reston, VA). For general guidance on manuscript preparation, consult the documents issued by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.
Manuscripts should be arranged in the following order: title page, text and references, tables, legends for all tables and figures, figures. See below for full explanation of what is to be included in these sections. See also each journal's instructions for exceptions to these general instructions.
When submitting manuscripts that include Supplementary Data, please be sure to upload supplemental files separately, in the appropriate area of the submission form (See also the detailed policies on preparation of Supplementary Data). Please do not append supplemental files to the main manuscript file. Numbered and lettered sections in the text should be avoided. Each table and illustration must be cited in order in the text. Simple chemical formulas or mathematical equations should be presented in a form that allows their reproduction in single horizontal lines of type; more complicated mathematical formulas or chemical structures difficult to set in type should be provided for reproduction in the form of line drawings, glossy photographs, or digital files. |
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Title. Write a brief, informative title. Abbreviations should not be used in titles. It is important for literature retrieval to include in the title the key words that identify the nature of the subject matter, including, if applicable, the species on which the work is done.
Authors and affiliations. Authors are urged to include their full names, complete with first and middle names or initials. Academic degrees should not be included. The names and locations of institutions and the laboratories or names and locations of companies should be given for all authors. If several institutions are listed on a manuscript, it should be clearly indicated with which department and institution each author is affiliated by using superscript numbers that correspond to each author's affiliation.
Running title. A brief running title of about 60 characters should be provided. Choose the running title carefully as this version of your title will be used in electronic alerting services and some mobile device applications.
Keywords. Provide 5 keywords identifying the subject of your article.
Include the following notes on the title page (if applicable) in this order:
Financial support, including the source and number of grants, for each author
Full name, mailing address, phone and fax number, and email address of the corresponding author
Disclose any potential conflicts of interest; additional information is available at this link: Conflict of Interest Policy
Other notes about the manuscript as a whole, including the word count (excluding references), and the total number of figures and tables. Please note that if you exceed the limit given for the type of article (see specific instructions for each journal), your manuscript may be returned.
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The abstract should be concise, yet outline the content of the manuscript (see the specifications for each type of article for abstract length). Because these abstracts are used by secondary services (e.g., Medline, Chemical Abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus), they should recapitulate in abbreviated form the purpose of the study and the experimental technique, results, and data interpretations. Data such as the number of test subjects and controls, strains of animals or viruses, drug dosages and routes of administration, tumor yields and latent periods, length of observation period, and magnitude of activity should be included. Vague, general statements such as "The significance of the results is discussed," or "Some physical properties were studied," should be avoided. All important terms relevant to the content of the manuscript should be incorporated into the abstract to assist indexers and searchers. Abbreviations should be kept to an absolute minimum; however, if they are needed, they must be explained at first mention within the abstract so the abstract can be understood as an independent unit from the text. Do not cite references in the abstract. |
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It is not necessary to cite all of the background literature in the Introduction. Brief reference to the most pertinent articles generally suffices to acquaint the reader with the findings of others in the field and with the problem or question that the investigation addresses. |
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Explanation of the experimental methods should be brief but adequate for repetition by qualified investigators. Procedures that have been described in previous publications should not be described in detail but merely cited with appropriate references. Only new and significant modifications of previously published procedures need complete exposition. The sources of special chemicals or preparations used should be provided. Any commercial products that are mentioned should include the name of the manufacturer, and ideally, catalog numbers.
AACR journals endorse the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki and expect that all investigations involving humans will have been performed in accordance with these principles. In particular, manuscripts reporting human experimentation must include a statement that the human investigations were performed after approval by an institutional review board and in accordance with an assurance filed with and approved by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, where appropriate. Also, manuscripts reporting biomedical research involving human subjects must include a statement that informed consent was obtained from each subject or subject's guardian.
AACR journals are staunch supporters of the most humane treatment of animals in the conduct of scientific studies, and it is expected that investigators will adhere to widely accepted national standards such as the following:
- The U.S. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, available from the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, RKLI, Suite 360, MSC 7982, 6705 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892–7982.
- The United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Prevention Research's Guidelines for the Welfare of Animals in Experimental Neoplasia (published online 25 May 2010).
Only the results (particularly the photographic presentation of experimental data) in which proper attention has been given to ethical considerations toward animals will be published, and the AACR reserves the right to reject manuscripts that do not follow accepted standards. |
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Include a concise summary of the data presented in tables and illustrations. Excessive elaboration of data already given in tables and illustrations should be avoided. With the exception of Cancer Discovery, the Results and Discussion sections should be combined if, by so doing, space is saved or the logical sequence of the material is improved. |
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The data should be interpreted concisely without repeating material already presented in the Results section. Speculation is permissible, but it must be well founded, and discussion of the wider implications of the findings is encouraged. |
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Include in this section the names of others contributing to the work who are not identified as authors. The Corresponding Author should obtain written permission to refer to those mentioned in the Acknowledgments section. |
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Number the references in the order of their first mention in the text; cite only the number assigned to the reference. The reference list should be limited to only those citations essential to the presentation. Before submission of the manuscript, authors should verify the accuracy of all references and check that all references have been cited in the text. AACR journals' reference style follows that of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. Note that the Uniform Requirements specify that, for articles with more than 6 authors, the names of the first 6 authors must be listed, followed by "et al." For articles with 6 or fewer authors, all authors should be listed. Please note that this represents a recent change from earlier Instructions for Authors.
Reference examples:
Journal article
Warrell RP Jr, Frankel SR, Miller WH Jr, Scheinberg DA, Itri LM, Hittelman WN, et al. Differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic 584 leukemia with tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid). N Engl J Med 1991;324:1385–93.
Book chapter
Yuspa SH, Hennings H, Roop D, Strickland J, Greenhalgh DA. Genes and mechanisms involved in malignant conversion. In: Harris CC, Liotta LA, editors. Genetic mechanisms in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1990. p.115–26.
Article in press.Articles in press may be listed among the references provided a journal name and tentative year of publication can be verified. |
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Data acquired after acceptance of the manuscript, by the authors themselves or by others, cannot be added to the text. Such addenda are subject to approval by the Editor-in-Chief and could result in delay of publication. Addenda should be kept extremely brief. |
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Tabular material should not duplicate data already presented in detail in the text, nor should tables be only lists. A table should compare values. If you are putting data in a table, summarize the data in the text and provide a citation for it. Unnecessary columns of data that can easily be derived from other data in the table should not be included. Large groups of individual values should be avoided; instead, these should be averaged and an appropriate designation of the dispersion, such as standard deviation or standard error, should be included. Tables should not be included as part of a figure. Legends should be short and to the point and should generally not include references. Authors are discouraged from submitting tables that have been previously published, even with permission.
Authors are obligated to indicate the significance of their observations by appropriate statistical analysis.
Every table must have a descriptive title and enough explanatory information so the reader can understand the data without reference to the text. Each column must carry an appropriate heading and, if measurements are given, the units should be given with the column heading. Number tables using Arabic numerals; table footnotes should be indicated with lower-case alphabetical letters: a, b, c, etc. Include a note after the footnotes in which all abbreviations used in the table that have not been used in the text are explained. Complex or large tables should be uploaded as Supplementary Data. |
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Types of figures include line drawings, graphs, and halftone illustrations, such as photographs, photomicrographs, or electrophoretic patterns. Figures should be used when salient points need illustration for better comprehension by the reader. Figures must be cited and numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Figures should be original. Authors are discouraged from submitting figures that have been previously published, even with permission. If use of a previously published figure is necessary, the author must apply for written permission from the copyright holder and supply confirmation of the permission grant before publication.
Please note that figures should be submitted in their final format. If you do not intend for your figure(s) to appear in color in the journal should your manuscript be accepted for publication, please ensure that you submit a black and white version. This makes it possible for the editors and reviewers to make an informed evaluation of your work.
All figures must have legends that briefly describe the data shown; details given in the text of the manuscript should not be repeated. Legends should be short and to the point and should generally not include references. Please note that all figure legends should be listed together in one section (Figure Legends) directly preceding the appearance of the figures in the manuscript. Ensure that both legends and figures are numbered and match up appropriately. Stains and original magnifications should be listed where applicable. Each legend should adequately identify all parts, symbols, abbreviations, mathematical expressions, abscissas, ordinates, units, and reference points on the figure. Abbreviations explained in the text of the article need not be redefined in the figure legend.
When graphs are reduced to the size of a single column (7.9375 cm / 3.125 in), the text in the graph must be no smaller than 6 point type and no larger than 12 point type, and all symbols must be discernible. Avoid gray shading or screening in graphs, particularly bar graphs. Avoid use of very thin, broken, or dotted lines.
Figure symbols should be defined in the legend. Only those common symbols for which the printer has type should be used. Lines connecting the symbols should not extend beyond the data points. In the published form, the minimum thickness of lines (rules) used to present drawn art is 0.5 point. If a drawn image will be reduced in size for publication, the lines used to draw the original art must be thick enough to be reduced and still meet the minimum requirement. Lines thinner than 0.5 point thickness may be completely lost if an image is reduced in size.
Graphs should be ruled off close to the area occupied by the curve, and abscissas and ordinates should be clearly marked with appropriate units. Explanations of the coordinates should not extend beyond the respective lines. Do not box-in graphs with top and right-hand frame lines unless these are essential for reference. Titles printed outside the confines of the drawing waste space; all of this information should be included in the legend. Also, to conserve space those curves that may appropriately appear together should be included in a single graph.
Halftones that must appear together for comparison should be grouped under one figure number with each section given sequential letters (A, B, C) in the upper left-hand corner on the face of the illustration. Composite figures may be mounted on a plate, with the sections abutted together and tooling (thin lines) placed between the parts of the figure. For optimal reproduction, the contrast among photographs on a plate should be consistent. The overall dimensions of photographs on a plate should not exceed 18.41 cm x 22.86 cm / 7.25 in x 9 in.
Symbols, arrows, or letters used in photomicrographs should contrast with the background so as to be clearly visible. Internal scale markers should be included on the photographs themselves or the original magnification should be given in the legend because it may be necessary to reduce the figures. |
| Supplementary data |
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General guidelines
- Supplementary data should provide additional substantive material, but the article must stand on its own merits and be complete and self-explanatory without them. Additional text, including results or discussions related to the article, is not acceptable; these should be included in the article itself.
- Supplementary data should fall within the conceptual scope of the main paper but not extend beyond it. Preliminary data that simply extend the scope of the study and unnecessary control data should not be included.
- Supplementary data are not essential to understanding the conclusions of the paper but are additional or complementary and directly relevant to the article content.
- Supplementary material should not repeat material that is already included in the main article.
- Data that have been previously published are not acceptable.
- Supplementary material may also be that which cannot be included in the main version of the paper due to space constraints (e.g., limits placed on the number of figures and tables allowed in an article) or format restrictions.
- Within the above guidelines, supplementary files may include the following:
- Figures
- More detailed materials and methods than can be included in the body of the article, but the main text should contain sufficient methodology for an experienced investigator to replicate the experiments
- Tables
- Electronic multimedia files (e.g., animations, videos, audios)
- Database information
- Three-dimensional structures/images, sequence alignments, and data sets that are very large, such as those obtained with microarray hybridization experiments
Restrictions on number and size of files
- The number of supplementary files per article may not exceed 8.
- Total of all files should not exceed 10 MB. Video/movie files should not exceed 20 MB.
Exceptions may be granted; authors are asked to contact the editorial office with such a request.
Submission of files
Ensure that each file is accompanied by a brief description, which will be posted online both to aid in online indexing and for readers to know what you have provided within.
Supplementary figures and tables should include captions.
Each supplementary item/file must be referenced at least once in the text at an appropriate point. Supplementary items should be referred to in a similar manner to that used for a table or figure in the body of the manuscript, for example, "(Supplementary Fig. S1)" or "(Table 3 and Supplementary Table S3)."
Review process
Supplementary data should be equal in quality and presentation to material within the main paper. The supplementary data are subject to the same scientific standards of peer review and are included at the discretion of the editor. |
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| Terminology and Abbreviations |
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Use the approved terms and abbreviations for chemical substances recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Comprehensive recommendations on nomenclature are available online. Recommended nomenclature for biomedical and physical sciences can be found in Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (Seventh Edition, 2006, published by the Council of Science Editors, Reston, VA).
For enzyme identification, authors should use the Recommended Name given in Enzyme Nomenclature 1992: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes (Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL, 1992). In some cases the Systematic Name or the reaction catalyzed should also be included. It is strongly recommended that the Enzyme Commission number be stated at first mention. Supplements to this work are available online.
Designations for mouse strains should conform to the Rules and Guidelines for Genetic Nomenclature in Mice, from the International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice.
Generic names of drugs are preferred with the brand name included at first mention only to identify new compounds that may not be recognized by their generic name. If a non-U.S. proprietary name is used, the name of the comparable U.S. product should be given. When there is no generic name for a drug, authors should give the chemical name or formula or a description of the active ingredients. Authors should refer to the formally adopted generic names listed in the current edition of USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names.
Abbreviations are in general a hindrance to readers in fields other than that of the author(s), to abstractors, and to scientists whose primary language is not English. Authors should limit their use. Standard Abbreviations are defined as those that may be used without explanation (e.g., DNA). See our list of Standard Abbreviations. Abbreviations not on the Standard Abbreviations list should be spelled out at first mention in both the abstract and the text. See our list of Accepted Abbreviations for examples. Single words should not be abbreviated—for example, melanoma, folate, vincristine, nor should abbreviations be used for individual types of cancer or other diseases that consist of 2 words, such as prostate cancer or breast cancer. Abbreviations should not be used in titles; however, running titles may carry abbreviations for brevity. |
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| Copyright and Permissions |
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As a not-for-profit organization incorporated in the United States, the AACR adheres to U.S. copyright law (PL 94-553), which became effective January 1, 1978. The law stipulates that copyright for works is vested in the author from the moment of creation and remains the property of the author until legally transferred. Authors who wish to publish articles and other material in AACR journals must formally transfer copyright to AACR. The copyright transfer form must be signed by all authors before AACR can proceed with publication.
After the Editor has made the first decision about the potential suitability of a manuscript for publication (i.e., requesting revisions or a provisional acceptance), all authors on the manuscript will receive an email requesting that they complete an online copyright transfer agreement through the SmartSubmit system. If an author is unable to complete the copyright transfer agreement online, the Copyright Transfer Form can be downloaded and returned to the email address or fax number noted on the form. The AACR journals will not publish a manuscript unless forms have been properly completed and returned by ALL authors.
NOTE: With our writable PDF forms (containing fields within the PDF in which one can type information or add a signature) you will need to add a digital signature (an electronic signature used to authenticate the identity of the signer of a document). Instructions on how to create a digital signature are available for download.
(PDFs require Adobe Acrobat Reader — click icon for free download:  )
It is understood in conveying copyright that the authors have not published this material elsewhere, either whole or in part (except in abbreviated form as a preliminary communication or abstract), and that they have neither concluded previous negotiations nor initiated pending negotiations for copyright of this material.
The duly authorized agent of a commercial firm or commissioning organization must sign the AACR copyright transfer form if the author prepared the article as part of his or her official duties as an employee.
The U.S. government has determined that it has a nonexclusive right to publish or republish material developed from work performed by federal employees. Because the federal government does not recognize private copyright for work performed by its employees as part of their official duties, the journal will accept manuscripts from government laboratories without copyright transfer, provided that the authors abide by the same provisions required of other authors and sign the designated section of our copyright transfer form. |
| Reuse of Materials by Authors |
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Authors of articles published in AACR journals are permitted to use their article or parts of their article in the following ways without requesting permission from the AACR. All such uses must include appropriate attribution to the original AACR publication. Authors may do the following as applicable:
- Reproduce parts of their article, including figures and tables, in books, reviews, or subsequent research articles they write;
- Use parts of their article in presentations, including figures downloaded into PowerPoint, which can be done directly from the journal's website;
- Post the accepted version of their article (after revisions resulting from peer review, but before editing and formatting) on their institutional website, if this is required by their institution. The version on the institutional repository must contain a link to the final, published version of the article on the AACR journal website. The posted version may be released publicly (made open to anyone) 12 months after its publication in the journal;
- Submit a copy of the article to a doctoral candidate's university in support of a doctoral thesis or dissertation.
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| Reuse of Materials by Others |
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Third parties (or authors who are not the authors of the paper in question) must seek permission to reuse content from the AACR. Please send requests to use an article or its content by completing and returning the AACR Permission Request Form to the AACR Publications Department; Fax: (215) 440-9354; Email: permissions@aacr.org.
Requests to reproduce an article in its entirety will be considered on an individual basis, and permission may be granted contingent upon payment of an appropriate copyright fee. All reproduction requests must include a brief description of intended use.
Our standard turnaround time for permission request replies is two weeks. Please note that if a reply is required in five or fewer business days, a $50 per request Rush Fee may be assessed. The Rush Fee is levied in addition to any applicable copyright fees. |
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| Free Access to AACR Journal Articles and Archiving Mandates |
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All content in AACR journals is made free (open) to anyone to read or use (subject to the conditions listed above) 12 months after its original publication at our online publishing site. In addition, the AACR provides many countries in the developing world with immediate free access to all AACR journals through the HINARI program. Select content will sometimes be made freely available immediately upon publication. Patients or caregivers who need access to an article that is not already freely available should write to pubs@aacr.org. |
| Assisting authors with archiving mandates |
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The AACR can assist journal authors in meeting their funders' archiving mandates. Authors of articles published in AACR journals can elect to have the AACR deposit their accepted manuscripts to PubMed Central or UK PubMed Central, thereby meeting the archiving requirements of the following funding agencies:
- National Institutes of Health
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Cancer Research UK
- Wellcome Trust
- Medical Research Council
When an author submits a manuscript to an AACR journal, he or she will be asked to indicate whether any manuscript authors are employed by or funded by any of the agencies listed above. The author will then be asked to select one of the following options for manuscript archiving:
- My manuscript is funded by National Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Research UK, Wellcome Trust, and/or the Medical Research Council. If this manuscript is accepted for publication, please archive it on behalf of the authors. By choosing this option, I authorize the AACR to transmit information to the archive that I specify.
- My manuscript is funded by National Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Research UK, Wellcome Trust, and/or the Medical Research Council, but I do not wish the AACR to archive this manuscript if accepted. I understand that it is my responsibility to archive it in accordance with my funder's policies.
- My manuscript is not funded by National Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Research UK, Wellcome Trust, or the Medical Research Council; this service is not applicable to me.
If the author chooses option #1, the accepted version of the manuscript will be uploaded to the repository upon acceptance, with a release date of 12 months (for National Institutes of Health and Howard Hughes Medical Institute) or six months (for Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK, and the UK Medical Research Council) post-publication. (See the following section for information about a new Author Choice option that allows for even earlier release.) Authors will be contacted by the repository for approval of the submission. Please note that while the AACR journals will make repository deposits for authors upon request at the time of manuscript submission, it is the author's responsibility to follow up with the repository to ensure that the content is received and released within the funder's specified timeframe. Please note also that PMCID and UKPMCID numbers are assigned and provided by NIHMS and UKPMC and the AACR journals are unable to assign or provide these numbers to authors. Authors who have questions about their PMCID or UKPMCID numbers should contact the corresponding repository directly at www.nihms.nih.gov or ukpmc.ac.uk
Visit the Frequently Asked Questions: Author Archiving Mandates page for further information about the AACR Journals' policy on assisting authors with funding agency mandates. |
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In 2013 AACR is introducing a new option for authors who wish to have their accepted articles released as free online upon publication. This includes article versions appearing as OnlineFirst and/or in final issue form. Authors will be given the option at submission of a new or revised manuscript to agree to pay a fee of $3,000 to participate in this program. If you choose to participate, you will not be asked to pay page charges; however, you will still be responsible for color fees (if applicable). Cancer Research authors will have their AuthorChoice fee reduced by $75 to cover reimbursement of their submission fee. |
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| Author Fees |
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Author fees vary by journal.
Cancer Discovery will not charge any submission, page, or color fees through 2013. |
Submission fee
(applies to Cancer Research only) |
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A nonrefundable submission fee of $75 for each manuscript must be paid regardless of the decision on the paper. Payment should be made via credit card at the time of online submission. Upon completion of the online submission process, authors will be directed to a secure site for remitting payment. Authors who are unable to pay by credit card at the time of submission must contact Ms. Jeri Williams of the AACR Finance Office at jeri.williams@aacr.org to make other arrangements. Please note that manuscripts will not enter the review process until the submission fee has been paid. AACR does not accept purchase orders for manuscript submission fees. |
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Page fees
A per-page charge for each published page will be levied on all manuscripts accepted for publication. Authors are required to confirm at the time of submission that they agree to pay these charges in the event that their manuscript is accepted for publication. If either the first or last author is an active AACR member, a reduced rate is applied.
Under exceptional circumstances, when no grant or other source of support exists, the author(s) may apply to the Publisher at the time of submission for a waiver of the page charges. All such applications must be countersigned by an appropriate institutional official stating that no funds are available for the payment of page charges.
Cancer Research, Clinical Cancer Research
first 6 published pages — $85 per page (members); $95 per page (non-members)
each additional published page — $110 per page (members); $120 per page (non-members)
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers& Prevention, Cancer Immunology Research, Cancer Prevention Research, Molecular Cancer Research, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
first 6 published pages — $70 per page (members); $80 per page (non-members)
each additional published page — $90 per page (members); $100 per page (non-members)
Color fees
Articles containing color figures are also subject to a color reproduction charge. Authors are required to confirm at the time of submission that they agree to pay the charges for color figures that they submit. If you submit color figures and do not agree to pay the charges, you will be asked to resubmit your figures in their final format. If either the first or last author is an active AACR member, a reduced rate is applied.
Cancer Research, Clinical Cancer Research — $725 per figure (members); $775 (non-members)
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers& Prevention, Cancer Immunology Research, Cancer Prevention Research, Molecular Cancer Research, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics— $625 per figure (members); $675 (non-members) |
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Authors will have the opportunity to order reprints of their articles prior to publication.If you order reprints after publication, the cost for articles that contain color is much higher than for orders placed before publication, and this cost will be estimated on an individual basis. For such an estimate, or if you have any other inquiries regarding reprints, please contact the AACR at pubs@aacr.org. |
| Payments for fees and reprints |
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When an author initially submits a manuscript, he or she is informed of the fees that will be incurred, and submission cannot be completed without either the author's agreement to pay or the request for a waiver (see the Page Fees section above). Requests for waivers are expected to be submitted and considered by the Publications office prior to the manuscript being sent for review. When the proofs are sent for approval, a link is included to the Sheridan Electronic Order Center where the fees are detailed and payment can be made. Authors who have questions about the fees should contact the AACR Publications Department at pubs@aacr.org. The Order Center handles reprint costs as well as publication fees and Author Choice fees. Payment must be made 2 weeks before publication, even if reprints are not desired. Failure to make timely payment will delay publication of your article.
Prepayment for publication fees, Author Choice fees, and if desired, for reprints, can be made in the form of a check (in U.S. dollars, drawn on a U.S. bank), signed institutional purchase order, or credit card information (VISA, MasterCard, American Express) supplied on the reprint order form, which serves as a pro forma invoice. Fees are payable to American Association for Cancer Research.
Reprints are shipped approximately 4 weeks after publication of the print issue. Extra time should be allowed for delivery. Reprints will be sent to the designated Corresponding Author. |
Instructions to Authors
CD_Instr-for-Authors.pdf
Editorial Board
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Cancer Discovery (CD): Scientific Editors |
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| Editors-in-Chief: Lewis C. Cantley and José Baselga |
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| Executive Editors: Mark W. Landis and Judy N. Quong |
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Kari Alitalo
James P. Allison
Alan Ashworth
Andreas D. Baxevanis
Stephen B. Baylin
René Bernards
Elizabeth H. Blackburn
Paolo Boffetta
Joan S. Brugge
Arul Chinnaiyan
Sara A. Courtneidge
Alan D. D'Andrea
Chi Van Dang
Johann S. de Bono
Hugues de Thé
George D. Demetri
Ronald A. DePinho
Vishva M. Dixit
James R. Downing
Matthew J. Ellis
Jeffrey A. Engelman
Gerard I. Evan
Napoleone Ferrara |
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Keith T. Flaherty
Levi A. Garraway
Ana Maria Gonzalez-Angulo
Jennifer R. Grandis
Daniel A. Haber
Daniel G. Haller
Manuel Hidalgo
Waun Ki Hong
David J Hunter
Tyler Jacks
William G. Kaelin, Jr.
David P. Lane
Theodore S. Lawrence
Arnold J. Levine
Douglas R. Lowy
Tak W. Mak
Joan Massagué
Frank McCormick
Matthew L. Meyerson
Gordon B. Mills
Benjamin G. Neel
Olufunmilayo I. Olopade
Pier Paolo Pandolfi |
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David R. Piwnica-Worms
Helen M. Piwnica-Worms
Kornelia Polyak
Carol Prives
Andrea L. Richardson
Jeffrey M. Rosen
Charles L. Sawyers
David Schenkein
Margaret A. Shipp
Kevan M. Shokat
Lillian L. Siu
Jean-Charles Soria
Margaret R. Spitz
Michael R. Stratton
Josep Tabernero
Craig B. Thompson
David A. Tuveson
Terry A. Van Dyke
Karen H. Vousden
Xiaodong Wang
Barbara L. Weber
Eileen White | |
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