期刊名称：METALS
 期刊简介(About the journal)
投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)
编辑部信息(Editorial Board)
About the journal
Aims
Metals (ISSN 2075-4701) is an open access journal of related scientific research and technology development. It publishes reviews, regular research papers (articles) and short communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. Therefore, there is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.
Metals provides a forum for publishing papers which advance the in-depth understanding of the relationship between the structure, the properties or the functions of all kinds of metals.
Topics Covered
- metallurgy
- alloys
- base metals (include iron, nickel, lead and zinc)
- ferrous and non-ferrous metals
- noble metals (include tantalum, gold, platinum, silver and rhodium)
- precious metals
- transition metals
- metalloids
- semi-metals
- metallicity
- rare metals
- synthetic metals
- applications
- trade
Several topical special issues will be published.
MDPI Publication Ethics Statement
Metals is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). MDPI takes the responsibility to enforce a rigorous peer-review together with strict ethical policies and standards to ensure to add high quality scientific works to the field of scholarly publication. Unfortunately, cases of plagiarism, data falsification, inappropriate authorship credit, and the like, do arise. MDPI takes such publishing ethics issues very seriously and our editors are trained to proceed in such cases with a zero tolerance policy. To verify the originality of content submitted to our journals, we use CrossCheck (powered by iThenticate) to check submissions against previous publications.
Book Reviews
Authors and publishers are encouraged to send review copies of their recent related books to the following address. Received books will be listed as Books Received within the journal's News & Announcements section.
MDPI AG
Klybeckstrasse 64
CH-4057 Basel
Switzerland
E-mail: support@mdpi.com
Copyright / Open Access
Articles published in Metals will be Open-Access articles distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License. MDPI will insert following note at the end of the published text:
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Reprints
Reprints may be ordered. Please contact publisher@mdpi.com for more information on how to order reprints.
Announcement and Advertisement
Announcements regarding academic activities such as conferences are published for free. Advertisement can be either published or placed on the pertinent website. Contact e-mail address is metals@mdpi.com.
Metals is covered by following databases and archives:
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Indexing & Abstracting Services
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Full-text Archives
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Content Aggregators
Metals was accepted for coverage in Thomson Reuters' Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science) on 10 September 2014. All back issues since Volume 1 (2011) will be covered. It takes about two to three months until citations of this journal will appear in the database. The journal's first Impact Factor will be released in the Journal Citation Reports 2014 edition, which will be published in June 2015.
Metals - Open Access and Publication Fees
Metals (ISSN 2075-4701) is an Open Access journal, which is free to access and read on the Internet. MDPI guarantees that no university library or individual reader will ever have to buy a subscription or buy access through pay-per-view fees to access the articles published in the journal. Hence, MDPI does not have any income from selling subscriptions to the print or online version of this journal or from pay-per-view fees. In order to cover the costs of providing and maintaining a publication infrastructure, managing the journals, and processing the manuscripts through peer-review and the editorial procedure, the journal uses a form of conditional submission fee referred to as Article Processing Charge (APC).
For Metals (ISSN 2075-4701), authors are asked to pay a fee of 300 CHF (Swiss Francs) per processed paper, but only if the article is accepted for publication in this journal after peer-review and possible revision of the manuscript. An additional fee of 250 CHF may apply for those articles that need major editing and formatting and/or English editing. Note that many national and private research funding organizations and universities explicitly cover such fees for articles originated in funded research projects. Discounts are available for authors from institutes that participate with MDPI's membership program.
In addition to Swiss Francs (CHF), we also accept payment of the fees in Euros (EUR), US Dollars (USD) or Chinese Yuan (CNY). Current exchange rates published at XE plus 5% exchange commission apply.
Instructions to Authors
Potential Conflicts of Interest
It is the authors' responsibility to identify and declare any personal circumstances or interests that may be perceived as inappropriately influencing the representation or interpretation of clinical research. If there is no conflict, please state here "The authors declare no conflict of interest." This should be conveyed in a separate "Conflicts of Interest" section preceding the "References" sections at the end of the manuscript.
Submission Checklist
Manuscript Submission Overview
Types of Publications
Metals has no restrictions on the length of manuscripts, provided that the text is concise and comprehensive. Full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced by other groups. Metals encourages authors to publish all experimental controls and full datasets as supplementary files (please read the guidelines about Supplementary Materials carefully and references to unpublished data).
The different types of articles published in Metals are indicated in the first section of the Aims & Scope. The main types are:
- Articles: research manuscripts report new evidence or new conclusions which have neither been published before nor are under consideration for publication in another journal. MDPI considers all original research manuscripts provided that the work reports scientifically sound experiments and provides a substantial amount of new information. We strongly recommend authors not to unnecessarily divide their work into several related manuscripts.
- Short communications of preliminary, but significant, results will also be considered.
- Reviews: review manuscripts provide concise and precise updates on the latest progress made in a given area of research.
- Conference Papers: Expanded and high quality conference papers are also considered in Metals if they fulfill the following requirements: (1) the paper should be expanded to the size of a research article; (2) the conference paper should be cited and noted on the first page of the paper; (3) if the authors do not hold the copyright to the published conference paper, authors should seek the appropriate permission from the copyright holder; (4) authors are asked to disclose that it is conference paper in their cover letter and include a statement on what has been changed compared to the original conference paper.
Submission Process
Manuscripts for Metals should be submitted online at susy.mdpi.com. The submitting author, who is generally the corresponding author, is responsible for the manuscript during the submission and peer-review process. The submitting authors must ensure that all co-authors have been included in the author list (read the criteria to qualify for authorship) and that they all have read and approved the submitted version of the manuscript. To submit your manuscript, register and log in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form for Metals. All co-authors can see the manuscript details in the submission system, if they register and log in using the e-mail address provided during manuscript submission.
Accepted File Formats
Authors must use the Microsoft Word template or LaTeX template to prepare their manuscript. Using the template file will substantially shorten the time to complete copy-editing and publication of accepted manuscripts. Accepted file formats are:
- Microsoft Word: Manuscripts prepared in Microsoft Word must be converted into a single file before submission. When preparing manuscripts in Microsoft Word, the Metals Microsoft Word template file must be used. Please insert your graphics (schemes, figures, etc.) in the main text after the paragraph of its first citation.
- LaTeX: Manuscripts prepared in LaTeX must be collated into one ZIP folder (include all source files and images, so that the Editorial Office can recompile the submitted PDF). When preparing manuscripts in LaTeX, please use the Metals LaTeX template files. You can now also use the online application writeLaTeX to submit articles directly to Metals. The MDPI LaTeX template file should be selected from the writeLaTeX template gallery.
Cover Letter
A cover letter must be included with each manuscript submission. It should be concise and explain why the content of your paper is significant, placing your findings in the context of existing work and why it fits the scope of the journal. Please confirm that neither the manuscript nor any parts of its content are currently under consideration or published in another journal. Any prior submissions of the manuscript to MDPI journals must be acknowledged. The names of proposed and excluded reviewers should be provided in the submission system, not in the cover letter.
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Preparation of a Manuscript
General Considerations
- Research manuscripts should comprise:
- Front matter: Title, Author list, Affiliations, Abstract, Keywords
- Research manuscript sections: Introduction, Results, Discussion, Conclusions (optional), Materials and Methods, Supplementary Materials
- Back matter: Acknowledgments, Author Contributions, Conflict of Interests, References.
- Review manuscripts should comprise the front matter, literature review sections and the back matter. The template file can also be used to prepare the front and back matter of your review manuscript. It is not necessary to follow the remaining structure.
- Abstract Graphic: Authors are encouraged to provide a graphical abstract to display on the website alongside the textual abstract. It should be a self-explanatory snapshot of your article giving a view on its rationale, study design, and/or conclusions. The graphic should not exceed 550 pixels. When prepared in Adobe Photoshop or Microsoft PowerPoint, the frame should be 5–15 cm in width and height. The text should be kept to a minimum and the font size comprised between 10 pt and 14 pt to ensure readability. The graphic should be provided as a JPG, TIFF, PNG or GIF file.
- "Data not shown" should be avoided in research manuscripts. We encourage our authors to publish all observations related to the submitted manuscript as Supplementary Materials. "Unpublished data" intended for publication in a different manuscript, i.e., in a manuscript that is either planned, "in preparation" or that have been "submitted" but not yet accepted, should be cited in the text and a reference should be added in the References section. "Personal Communications" should also be cited in the text and reference added in the References section. (see also the MDPI reference list and citations style guide).
- Abbreviations should be defined in parentheses the first time they appear in the abstract, main text and in figure captions.
- SI Units (International System of Units) should be used for this journal. Imperial, US customary and other units should be converted to SI units whenever possible before submission of a manuscript to the journal.
- Equations: If you are using Word, please use either the Microsoft Equation Editor or the MathType add-on in your paper. Equations should be editable by the editorial office and not appear in a picture format.
- Supplementary Materials and Research Data: To maintain the transparency and reproducibility of research results, authors are encouraged to make their experimental and research data openly available either by depositing into data repositories or by publishing the data and files as "Supplementary Materials". Large datasets and files should be deposited in specialized data repositories. Small datasets, spreadsheets, images, video sequences, conference slides, software source code, etc. can be uploaded as "Supplementary Files" during the manuscript submission process. The supplementary files will also be made available to the referees during the peer-review process and be published online alongside the manuscript. Please read the information about Supplementary Materials and Data Deposit for additional guidelines.
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Front Matter
These sections should appear in all manuscript types
- Title: The title of your manuscript should be concise, specific and relevant.
- Authors List and Affiliations: Authors' full first and last names must be provided. The initials of any middle names can be added. The PubMed/MEDLINE standard format is used for affiliations: complete address information including city, zip code, state/province, country, and all email addresses. At least one author should be designated as corresponding author, and his or her email address and other details should be included at the end of the affiliation section. Please read the criteria to qualify for authorship.
- Abstract: The abstract should be a total of about 200 words maximum. The abstract should be a single paragraph and should follow the style of structured abstracts, but without headings: 1) Background: Place the question addressed in a broad context and highlight the purpose of the study; 2) Methods: Describe briefly the main methods or treatments applied; 3) Results: Summarize the article's main findings; and 4) Conclusion: Indicate the main conclusions or interpretations. The abstract should be an objective representation of the article: it must not contain results which are not presented and substantiated in the main text and should not exaggerate the main conclusions.
- Keywords: Three to ten pertinent keywords need to be added after the abstract. We recommend that the keywords are specific to the article, yet reasonably common within the subject discipline.
Research Manuscript Sections
- Introduction: The introduction should briefly place the study in a broad context and highlight why it is important. It should define the purpose of the work and its significance. The current state of the research field should be reviewed carefully and key publications should be cited. Please highlight controversial and diverging hypotheses when necessary. Finally, briefly mention the main aim of the work and highlight the main conclusions. As far as possible, please keep the introduction comprehensible to scientists outside your particular field of research.
- Results: This section may be divided by subheadings. It should provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn.
- Discussion: This section may be divided by subheadings. Authors should discuss the results and how they can be interpreted in perspective of previous studies and of the working hypotheses. The findings and their implications should be discussed in the broadest context possible. Future research directions may also be highlighted.
- Conclusions: This section is not mandatory, but can be added to the manuscript if the discussion is unusually long or complex.
- Materials and Methods: This section should be divided by subheadings. Materials and Methods should be described with sufficient details to allow others to replicate and build on published results. Please note that publication of your manuscript implicates that you must make all materials, data, and protocols associated with the publication available to readers. Please disclose at the submission stage any restrictions on the availability of materials or information. New methods and protocols should be described in detail while well-established methods can be briefly described and appropriately cited.
- Research manuscripts reporting large datasets that are deposited in a publicly available database should specify where the data have been deposited and provide the relevant accession numbers. If the accession numbers have not yet been obtained at the time of submission, please state that they will be provided during review. They must be provided prior to publication.
- Supplementary Materials: This section should be included when supplementary information is published online alongside the manuscript. Please indicate the name and title of each supplementary file as follows Figure S1: title, Table S1: title, etc.
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Back Matter
- Acknowledgments: All sources of funding of the study should be disclosed. Please clearly indicate grants that you have received in support of your research work. Clearly state if you received funds for covering the costs to publish in open access. Note that some funders will not refund article processing charges (APC) if the funder and grant number are not clearly identified in the paper. Funding information can be entered separately into the submission system by the authors during submission of their manuscript. Such funding information, if available, will be deposited to FundRef if the manuscript is finally published.
- Author Contributions: For research articles with several authors, a short paragraph specifying their individual contributions must be provided. The following statements should be used "X.X. and Y.Y. conceived and designed the experiments; X.X. performed the experiments; X.X. and Y.Y. analyzed the data; W.W. contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; Y.Y. wrote the paper. Authorship must be limited to those who have contributed substantially to the work reported. Please read the section concerning the criteria to qualify for authorship carefully.
- Conflicts of Interest: Authors must identify and declare any personal circumstances or interest that may be perceived as inappropriately influencing the representation or interpretation of reported research results. If there is no conflict of interest, please state "The authors declare no conflict of interest." Any role of the funding sponsors in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results must be declared in this section. If there is no role, please state “The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results”.
- References: References must be numbered in order of appearance in the text (including tables and legends) and listed individually at the end of the manuscript. We recommend preparing the references with a bibliography software package, such as EndNote, ReferenceManager or Zotero to avoid typing mistakes and duplicated references.
Citations and References in Supplementary files are permitted provided that they also appear in the main text and in the reference list.
- In the text, reference numbers should be placed in square brackets [ ], and placed before the punctuation; for example [1], [1–3] or [1,3]. For embedded citations in the text with pagination, use both parentheses and brackets to indicate the reference number and page numbers; for example [5] (p. 10). or [6] (pp. 101–105).
- The Reference list should include the full title as recommended by the ACS style guide. The style file for endnote, MDPI.ens, can be found at http://endnote.com/downloads/style/mdpi
- References should be described as follows depending on the type of work:
- Journal Articles:
1. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C.D. Title of the article. Abbreviated Journal Name Year, Volume, page range, DOI or other identifier. Available online: URL (accessed on Day Month Year).
- Books and Book Chapters:
2. Author 1, A.; Author 2, B. Book Title, 3rd ed.; Publisher: Publisher Location, Country, Year; pp. 154–196.
3. Author 1, A.; Author 2, B. Title of the chapter. In Book Title, 2nd ed.; Editor 1, A.; Editor 2, B., Eds.; Publisher: Publisher Location, Country, Year; Volume 3, pp. 154–196.
- Unpublished work, submitted work, personal communication:
4. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C. Title of Unpublished Work. status (unpublished; manuscript in preparation).
5.Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C. Title of Unpublished Work. Abbreviated Journal Name stage of publication (under review; accepted; in press).
6.Author 1, A.B. (University, City, State, Country); Author 2, C. (Institute, City, State, Country). Personal communication, Year.
- Conference Proceedings:
7. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C.D.; Author 3, E.F. Title of Presentation. In Title of the Collected Work (if available), Proceedings of the Name of the Conference, Location of Conference, Country, Date of Conference; Editor 1, Editor 2, Eds. (if available); Publisher: City, Country, Year (if available); Abstract Number (optional), Pagination (optional).
- Thesis:
8. Author 1, A.B. Title of Thesis. Level of Thesis, Degree-Granting University, Location of University, Date of Completion.
- Websites:
9.Title of Site. Available online: URL (accessed on Day Month Year).
Unlike published works, websites may change over time or disappear, so we encourage you create an archive of the cited website using a service such as WebCite. Archived websites should be cited using the link provided as follows:
10. Title of Site. URL (archived on Day Month Year). See the Reference List and Citations Guide for more detailed information.
Preparing Figures, Schemes and Tables
- All figure files should be separately uploaded during submission.
- Figures and schemes must be provided at a sufficiently high resolution (minimum 1000 pixels width/height, or a resolution of 300 dpi or higher). All Figure file formats are accepted. However, TIFF, JPEG, EPS and PDF files are preferred.
- Metals can publish multimedia files in articles or as supplementary materials. Please get in touch with the Editorial office for further information.
- All Figures, Schemes and Tables should also be inserted into the main text close to their first citation and must be numbered following their number of appearance (Figure 1, Scheme I, Figure 2, Scheme II, Table 1, etc.).
- All Figures, Schemes and Tables should have a short explanatory title and a caption placed above it.
- All table columns should have an explanatory heading. To facilitate the copy-editing of larger tables, smaller fonts may be used, but in no less than 8 pt. in size. Authors should use the Table option of Microsoft Word to create tables.
- For multi-panel figures, the file must contain all data in one file. For tips on creating multi-panel figures, please read the helpful advice provided by L2 Molecule.
- Authors are encouraged to prepare figures and schemes in color (RGB at 8-bit per channel). Full color graphics will be published free of charge.
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Qualification for Authorship
Authorship must include and be strictly limited to researchers who have substantially contributed to the reported work. To qualify for authorship, a researcher should have made a substantial contribution to the design of the study, or to the production, analysis or interpretation of the results. Authors should also have been involved in the preparation and have approved the submitted manuscript. Those who contributed to the work but do not qualify for authorship should be listed in the acknowledgments. According to the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) standard, to which this journal adheres, "all authors should agree to be listed and should approve the submitted and accepted versions of the publication. Any change to the author list should be approved by all authors including any who have been removed from the list. The corresponding author should act as a point of contact between the editor and the other authors and should keep co-authors informed and involve them in major decisions about the publication (e.g. answering reviewers’ comments)." [1]
- Wager, E.; Kleinert, S. Responsible research publication: international standards for authors. A position statement developed at the 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity, Singapore, July 22-24, 2010. In Promoting Research Integrity in a Global Environment; Mayer, T., Steneck, N., eds.; Imperial College Press / World Scientific Publishing: Singapore; Chapter 50, pp. 309-16.
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Editorial Procedure and Peer-Review
Initial Checks
All submitted manuscripts received by the Editorial Office will be checked by a professional in-house Managing Editor to determine whether it is properly prepared and whether the manuscript follows the ethical policies of the journal. Manuscripts that do not fit the journal or are not in line with our ethical policy may be rejected before peer-review. Manuscripts that are not properly prepared will be returned to the authors for revision and resubmission. The Managing Editor will consult the journals’ Editor-in-Chief, the Guest Editor or an Editorial Board member to determine whether the manuscript fits the scope of the journal and whether it is scientifically sound. No judgment on the significance or potential impact of the work will be made at this stage.
Peer-Review
Once a manuscript passes the initial checks, it will be assigned to at least two independent experts for peer-review. A single-blind peer-review process is applied, where authors' names are revealed to reviewers. In-house assistant editors generally invite experts recommended by the Editor-in-Chief or identified by literature searches. These experts may also include Editorial Board members and Guest Editors of the journal. Potential reviewers suggested by the authors may also be considered. Reviewers should not have published with any of the co-authors during the past five years and should not currently work or collaborate with one of the institutes of the co-authors of the submitted manuscript.
Editorial Decision and Revision
Based on the comments and advices of the peer-reviewers, an external editor – usually the Editor-in-Chief or a Guest Editor – will make a decision to accept, reject, or to ask authors to revise the manuscript.
For Minor Revisions the authors will have one week to resubmit their revised manuscript. For Major Revisions the authors will have two weeks to resubmit their revised manuscript. However, authors should contact the editorial office if extended revision time is anticipated.
Author Appeals
Authors may appeal a rejection by sending an e-mail to the Editorial Office of the journal. The appeal must provide a detailed justification, including point-by-point responses to the reviewers' and/or Editor's comments. The Managing Editor of the journal will forward the manuscript and relating information (including the identities of the referees) to an Editorial Board member who was not involved in the initial decision-making process. If no appropriate Editorial Board member is available, the editor will identify a suitable external scientist. The Editorial Board member will be asked to give an advisory recommendation on the manuscript and may recommend acceptance, further peer-review, or uphold the original rejection decision. A reject decision at this stage will be final and cannot be revoked.
Production and Publication
Once accepted, the manuscript will undergo professional copy-editing, English editing, proofreading by the authors, final corrections, pagination, and, publication on the www.mdpi.com website.
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Suggestion of Reviewers
During the submission process, authors have the possibility to suggest potential reviewers with the appropriate expertise to review the manuscript. The editors will not necessarily approach these referees. Please provide detailed contact information (address, homepage, phone, e-mail address). The proposed referees should neither be current collaborators of the co-authors nor have published with any of the co-authors of the manuscript within the last five years. Proposed reviewers should be from different institutions to the authors. You may identify appropriate Editorial Board members of the journal as potential reviewers. You may also suggest reviewers from among the authors that you frequently cite in your paper.
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English Corrections
This journal is published in English. To facilitate proper peer-reviewing of your manuscript, it is essential that it is submitted in grammatically correct English. If you are not a native English speaker, we strongly recommend that you have your manuscript professionally edited before submission or read by a native English-speaking colleague. Professional editing will mean that reviewers and future readers are better able to read and assess the content of your manuscript. An additional fee of 250 CHF (Swiss Francs) will be charged to authors if extensive English corrections must be done by the Editorial Office. For additional information see the English Editing Guidelines for Authors.
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Publication Ethics Statement
Metals is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). We fully adhere to its Code of Conduct and to its Best Practice Guidelines.
The editors of this journal take the responsibility to enforce a rigorous peer-review process together with strict ethical policies and standards to ensure to add high quality scientific works to the field of scholarly publication. Unfortunately, cases of plagiarism, data falsification, image manipulation, inappropriate authorship credit, and the like, do arise. The editors of Metals take such publishing ethics issues very seriously and are trained to proceed in such cases with a zero tolerance policy.
Authors wishing to publish their papers in Metals are asked to abide to the following rules:
- Any facts that might be perceived as a possible conflict of interest of the author(s) must be disclosed in the paper prior to submission.
- Authors should accurately present their research findings and include an objective discussion of the significance of their findings.
- Data and methods used in the research need to be presented in sufficient detail in the paper, so that other researchers can replicate the work.
- Raw data should preferably be publicly deposited by the authors before submission of their manuscript. Authors need to at least have the raw data readily available for presentation to the referees and the editors of the journal, if requested. Authors need to ensure appropriate measures are taken so that raw data is retained in full for a reasonable time after publication.
- Simultaneous submission of manuscripts to more than one journal is not tolerated.
- Republishing content that is not novel is not tolerated (for example, an English translation of a paper that is already published in another language will not be accepted).
- If errors and inaccuracies are found by the authors after publication of their paper, they need to be promptly communicated to the editors of this journal so that appropriate actions can be taken. Please refer to our policy regarding publication of publishing addenda and corrections.
- Your manuscript should not contain any information that has already been published. If you include already published figures or images, please obtain the necessary permission from the copyright holder to publish under the CC-BY license.
- Plagiarism, data fabrication and image manipulation are not tolerated.
- Plagiarism is not acceptable in Metals submissions.
Plagiarism includes copying text, ideas, images, or data from another source, even from your own publications, without giving any credit to the original source.
Reuse of text that is copied from another source must be between quotes and the original source must be cited. If a study's design or the manuscript's structure or language has been inspired by previous works, these works must be explicitly cited.
If plagiarism is detected during the peer review process, the manuscript may be rejected. If plagiarism is detected after publication, we may publish a correction or retract the paper.
- Image files must not be manipulated or adjusted in any way that could lead to misinterpretation of the information provided by the original image.
Irregular manipulation includes: 1) introduction, enhancement, moving, or removing features from the original image; 2) grouping of images that should obviously be presented separately (e.g., from different parts of the same gel, or from different gels); or 3) modifying the contrast, brightness or color balance to obscure, eliminate or enhance some information.
If irregular image manipulation is identified and confirmed during the peer review process, we may reject the manuscript. If irregular image manipulation is identified and confirmed after publication, we may correct or retract the paper.
Our in-house editors will investigate any allegations of publication misconduct and may contact the authors' institutions or funders if necessary. If evidence of misconduct is found, appropriate action will be taken to correct or retract the publication. Authors are expected to comply with the best ethical publication practices when publishing with MDPI.
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Supplementary Materials and Data Deposit
In order to maintain the integrity, transparency and reproducibility of research records, authors are strongly encouraged to make their experimental and research data openly available either by depositing into data repositories or by publishing the data and files as supplementary information in this journal. Additional data and files can be uploaded as "Supplementary Files" during the manuscript submission process. The supplementary files will also be available to the referees as part of the peer-review process, although referees are not specifically asked to review these files. Accepted file formats include (but are not limited to):
- data tables and spreadsheets (text files, MS Excel, OpenOffice, CSV, XML, etc.)
- text documents (text files, PDF, MS Word, OpenOffice, etc.; text documents will usually be converted to PDF files for publication)
- images (JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, BMP, etc.)
- videos (AVI, MPG, QuickTime, etc.)
- executables (EXE, Java, etc.)
- software source code
Citations and References in Supplementary files are permitted provided that they also appear in the main text and in the reference list.
Large data sets and files should be deposited to specialized service providers (such as Figshare) or institutional/subject repositories, preferably those that use the DataCite mechanism. For a list of specialized repositories for the deposit of scientific and experimental data, please consult databib.org or re3data.org. The data repository name, link to the data set (URL) and accession number, doi or handle number of the data set must be provided in the paper. The journal Data (ISSN 2306-5729) also accepts submissions of data set papers, and the publication of small data sets along with the paper, and/or software source codes is encouraged.
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Editorial Board
Metals — Editors
Journal ContactMetals Editorial Office MDPI AG, Klybeckstrasse 64, 4057 Basel, Switzerland E-Mail: metals@mdpi.comTel. +41 61 683 77 34; Fax: +41 61 302 89 18
Editorial Office
Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr. Hugo F. Lopez
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
Tel. +01 414 229 6005; Fax: +01 414 229 6958
Website: http://www4.uwm.edu/ceas/faculty_profiles/HLopez.html
E-Mail: hlopez@uwm.edu
Interests: diffusional processes; hydrogen effects in solids; high temperature phase stability; solidification processing
Associate Editor
Prof. Dr. John Campbell
Department of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, UK. 6 Old Market Court, Ledbury, HR8 2GE, UK
E-Mail: c@campbelltech.plus.com
Managing Editor
Dr. Jane Zhang
MDPI Haidian Office, Aerospace Cooperation Building, 8th Floor, No.99 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, China
Tel. +86 10 6280 0830
E-Mail: jane.zhang@mdpi.com
Production Editor
Dr. Martyn Rittman
MDPI AG, Klybeckstrasse 64, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
E-Mail: rittman@mdpi.com
Editorial Board
Prof. Dr. Houshang Alamdari
Aluminium Research Centre – REGAL and Dept of Mining, Metallurgical and Material Eng., Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
Website: http://www.regal-aluminium.ca
Interests: Atmosphere (Including Chemical Aspects), Ceramics and Glass, Metals and Alloys, Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, Catalysts, Cathode, Ceramics, Mechanosynthesis, Sensors
Prof. Dr. Ian Baker
Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755-8000, USA
Tel. +1 603 646 2184; Fax: +1 603 646 3856
Website: http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/people/faculty/ian-baker/
Interests: microstructural characterization; phase transformations; mechanical properties; magnetic materials
Contribution: Special Issue: Manganese-based Permanent Magnets
Prof. K.C. Chan
Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Centre, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Website: http://www.ise.polyu.edu.hk/staffs/view/1
Interests: bulk metallic glasses, superplasticity, processing and properties of advanced materials
Contribution: Special Issue: Metallic Glasses
Prof. Dr. Xing-Qiu Chen
Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Sciences,Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Website: http://www.synl.ac.cn/org/MPMD/%E9%99%88%E6%98%9F%E7%A7%8B%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B.htm
Interests: First-principles calculations on metallic-based structural materials; intermetallics, phase transitions; thermodynamics; strongly correlated materials; electronic structures
Prof Dr. Chih-Ming Chen
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
Website: http://www.che.nchu.edu.tw/wb_teacher02.asp?cno=1&tno=17
Interests: microelectronic solders; microelectronic, optoelectronic, thermoelectric packaging; solar cells; electroplating
Prof. Dr. Marek Danielewski
Department of Solid State Chemistry, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Tel. +48 12 6173296
Website: http://ceram.agh.edu.pl/~icmmagh/
Interests: transport phenomena; diffusion; stress; corrosion; electrochemistry; mechanochemistry; chemistry of solids
Prof. Dr. J. Paulo Davim
Department Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Fax: +351 234 370953
Website: http://machining.web.ua.pt/pers-davim.htm
Interests: composites; polymers and metallic alloys; tribology; biotribology; machining; micromanufacturing; sustainable manufacturing; mechanical engineering; manufacturing; materials
Prof. Dr. Tarasankar DebRoy
Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
Website: http://www2.matse.psu.edu/modeling/
Interests: metals processing; welding; steel processing; transport phenomena; numerical simulation in metallurgy
Prof. Dr. M. Samy El-Shall
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA
Tel. +1 804 828 3518; Fax: +1 804 828 1280
Website: http://www.virginia.edu/ccu/El-Shall.html
Interests: molecular clusters; gas phase and cluster polymerization; nucleation phenomena and nanostructured materials
Contribution: Special Issue: Metal and Molecular Clusters
Special Issue: Nanostructured Metal and Metal Oxide Materials
Prof. Dr. Frank Ernst
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 414 White Building, Case Western Reserve University 10900, Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7204, USA
Tel. +1 216 368 0611; Fax: +1 216 368 8932
Website: http://engineering.case.edu/profiles/fxe5
Interests: transmission electron microscopy – applications and methodology; grain boundaries and interphase interfaces; surface engineering of alloys; phase transformations; micromechanisms of plastic deformation
Prof. Dr. Mario Fafard
Aluminium Research Centre - REGAL, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
Website: http://www.regal-aluminium.ca
Interests: Solid Mechanics ; Numerical Methods; Finite Element Method and XFEM; Thermo-electro-mechanical Contact; Multi-physic Modelling ; Thermodynamic of irreversible processes applied to porous medium; thermo-mechanical behaviour of refractory materials; Hall-Héroult process
Dr. Vincent Fournée
Jean Lamour Institut, CNRS - Université de Lorraine, Parc de Saurupt, CS 50840, 54011 Nancy cedex, France
Website: http://ijl.univ-lorraine.fr/la-recherche/departement-cp2s/metallurgie-et-surfaces/membres/vue-details.html?tx_wecstaffdirectory_pi1[curstaff]=253&cHash=ca6715f43e239c5c0179ee5962cd8238
Interests: Quasicrystals, Complex metallic alloys, Intermetallic compounds, Surface Science, 3D printing technologies
Dr. Nong Gao
Materials Research Group, School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
Website: http://www.southampton.ac.uk/engineering/about/staff/nonggao.page#research
Interests: severe plastic deformation; microstructural characterization; aluminium alloys; micro alloyed steels
Dr. Gregory Guisbiers
University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Physics & Astronomy, One UTSA Circle, 78249 San Antonio, Texas, USA
Website: http://publicationslist.org/gregory.Guisbiers
Interests: nanoalloys; nanothermodynamics; phase; diagrams; synthesis of nanoparticles; laser ablation in liquids
Dr. Manoj Gupta
Materials Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NUS, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117576 Singapore
Tel. +65 6516 6358; Fax: +65 67791459
Website: http://www.eng.nus.edu.sg/EResnews/0011/rd/rd_8.html
Interests: microwave processing; solidification processing; powder processing; light weight materials (aluminum and magnesium); composites/nanocomposites
Contribution: Special Issue: Magnesium Technology
In other journals:
Special Issue: Microwave Energy Applications
Prof. Dr. Gilbert Henaff
Laboratoire de Mécanique et de Physique des Matériaux, UMR CNRS No.6617, ENSMA, 86961 Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France
Website: http://www.lmpm.ensma.fr/front/page.php?id=90
Interests: fatigue resistance of structural alloys; fatigue crack propagation; corrosion fatigue; creep-fatigue; intermetallics; hydrogen embrittlement
Dr. Rebecca L. Higginson
Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
Tel. +44 1509 223161; Fax: +44 1509 223949
Website: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/materials/people/dr-rebecca-higginson.html
Interests: metals; metallography; microstructure evolution and control; high temperature oxidation; metals for conventional power plant; electron backscatter diffraction; SEM/TEM; aluminium; steel; stainless steel
Prof. Anders E. W. Jarfors
School of Engineering, Jönköping University, P.O. Box 1026, Gjuterigatan 5, 553 18, Jönköping, Sweden
Website: http://hj.se/9352_en.html
Interests: Casting, aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, Cast irons, Solidification, Thermodynamics, Microstructure, Heat treatment, Composites including nano- and micro-composites, Mechanical properties
Contribution: Special Issue: Casting Alloy Design and Modification
Prof. Mieczyslaw Jurczyk
Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, M.Sklodowska-Curie 5 Sq., 60-965 Poznan, Poland
Website: http://www.put.edu.pl
Interests: nanostructured materials; non-equilibrium processing and properties of advanced materials/nanomaterials; microstructural characterization; powder processing; composites/nanocomposites; porous metallic bionanomaterials/bionanocomposites; hydrogen storage materials/nanomaterials
Dr. Megumi Kawasaki
Advanced Materials & Chemical Engineering Building # 429, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
Website: http://ufgmetal.hanyang.ac.kr/index.htm
Interests: ultrafine-grained and nanostructured materials, severe plastic deformation, creep and superplasticity of metals
Dr. Andrew Kennedy
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
Tel. +44 1159 51 3744; Fax: +44 1159 51 3800
Website: http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/Engineering/People/andrew.kennedy
Interests: powder processing of ferrous materials; extrusion and casting of Al alloys; metal matrix composites; cermets; aluminium foams; porous metallic materials
Prof. Dr. Carl C. Koch
College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Campus Box 7907, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7907, USA
Website: http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/
Interests: nanostructured materials; non-equilibrium processing
Prof. Dr. Yoshitsugu Kojima
Institute for Advanced Materials Research (IAMR), Hiroshima University, Japan
Tel. +81 82 424 3904
Website: http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/hydrogen/
Interests: hydrogen storage materials; metal hydride; chemical hydride; nano-composite; catalyst; energy storage materials
Prof. Dr. Campbell Laird
Wild Iris Farm, 144 Maple St, Stockbridge, Michigan 49285-9732, USA
Tel. +1 517 851 7165
Website: http://www.seas.upenn.edu/mse/fac/laird.html
Interests: fatigue and fracture; phase; transformations; fatigue damage sensing; strength of metals and alloys from the metallurgical point of view.
Prof. Jae Myung Lee
Department of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-Dong, Guemjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, Korea
Website: http://cdml.naoe.pusan.ac.kr/
Interests: Finite Element Analysis; Experimental investigation of material behavior under extreme environment; Composites, Functional materials; Continuum Damage Mechanics; Material Nonlinearity Modeling; Simulation Based Design
Dr. Dirk Lehmhus
ISIS Sensorial Materials Scientific Centre, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
Website: http://www.isis.uni-bremen.de/en/structure/leading-figures/dr-ing-dirk-lehmhus.html
Interests: porous and cellular metals, metal foams, syntactic foams, metal matrix syntactic foams, metal matrix composites, powder metallurgy, powder technology, finite element analysis, integrated computational materials engineering (ICME), smart structures, sensor integration, sensorial materials, structural health monitoring (SHM)
Contribution: In other journals:
Special Issue: Selected Papers from the 1st International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications
Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Liss
Honorary Professor at University of Wollongong, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
Website: http://www.ansto.gov.au/ResearchHub/StaffProfiles/LISS-KLAUS-DIETER
Interests: neutron and synchrotron radiation; in-situ studies; time-resolved studies; kinetics; phase transformations; microstructure evolution; structural changes; plastic deformation; dynamic recrystallization; dynamic recovery; texture; strain; metal physics; high-temperature metals; titanium aluminides; bulk metallic glass
Dr. Enrique Louis
Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
Interests: condensed matter theory; physical metallurgy; strongly correlated systems; organic conducting materials; model Hamiltonians; transport through molecules and nano-contacts; metal and graphite based composites showing high thermal performance; surface tension of metals and alloys
Contribution: Special Issue: Liquid Metals
Prof. Dr. Juan Martínez-Pastor
Institut de Ciencia dels Materials, Universitat de València, PO Box 22085, 46071, VALENCIA, Spain
Website: http://www.uv.es/umdo/
Interests: metal nanoparticles; plasmonics and applications
Prof. Dr. R. Devesh K. Misra
Materials Science and Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 44130, Lafayette, LA 70504-4130, USA
Tel. +1 337 482 6430; Fax: +1 337 482 1220
Website: http://materials.louisiana.edu
Interests: deformation and fracture of engineering materials; nanostructured materials (nanocrystalline ferrites and polymer nanocomposites); high strength structural steels; application of atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy techniques to materials science
Prof. Dr. Farghalli A. Mohamed
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2575, USA
Tel. +1 949 824 5807; Fax: +1 949 824 2541
Website: http://www.eng.uci.edu/users/farghalli-mohamed
Interests: mechanical behavior of engineering materials such as metals composites, and ceramics; the correlation between behavior and microstructure; creep and superplasticity; the mechanisms responsible for strengthening and fracture
Prof. Dr. Khaled Morsi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1323, USA
Tel. +1 619 594 2903; Fax: +1 619 594 3599
Website: http://eon.sdsu.edu/~morsi/
Interests: processing-microstructure-properties relations in powder-based materials (metals, ceramics and composites); Sintering/Spark plasma sintering; current-activated processing; combustion synthesis and processing of nanostructured composites
Dr. Marek Muzyk
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
Website: http://materials.pl/zpmmember.php?member=104&lang=en&page_back=staff.php
Interests: light alloys, nuclear materials, deformation mechanisms, phase stability of metallic alloys
Prof. Dr. Hideo Nakajima
Director, The Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center, 64-52-1 Nagatani, Tsuruga, Fukui, 914-0192, Japan
Tel. +81 6 6879 8435; Fax: +81 6 6879 8439
Website: http://www.mat.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/coe21/eng/res/e4_nakajima.html
Interests: porous metals; porous materials; nano-porous materials; solidification; pores; porosity; lightweight materials; cellular materials; foamed metals; diffusion; interdiffusion; atomic transport
Dr. Sung-Soo Park
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 100 Banyeon-ri, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Korea
Website: http://ssparklaboratory.blogspot.kr
Interests: Alloy Design, Phase Transformations, Electron Microscopy, Processing Technology, Deformation Behavior, Corrosion, Joining
Prof. Dr. John P. Perdew
Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
Website: http://www.physics.tulane.edu/Faculty/PerdewInfo.shtml
Interests: fundamentals and approximations of the density functional theory of atoms, molecules, and solids
Prof. Dr. Umberto Prisco
Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, piazzale Tecchio, 80, 80125 NAPOLI, Italy
Website: https://www.docenti.unina.it/umberto.prisco
Interests: mechanical properties, mechanical testing, metal forming, plasticity, processing of materials
Dr. Afsaneh Rabiei
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, USA
Website: http://www.mae.ncsu.edu/rabiei/
Interests: reliability and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of materials and structures; processing, characterization, and failure analysis of advanced materials such as: metallic foams, coatings and thin films, composites, materials for MEMS structures, shape memory alloys, bio-materials/ materials for biomedical applications, surface modification
Contribution: Special Issue: Metal Foams
Special Issue: Metal Foams 2013
Prof. Dr. Sridhar Seetharaman
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Website: http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/
Interests: steel; processing; refining; oxidation; casting
Dr. Yugang Sun
Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439 USA
Website: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-3683-2010
Interests: metal nanostructures; plasmonic metal nanostructures; hybrid nanostructures; in-situ synchrotron x-ray techniques for nanoparticle research; photocatalysis; energy storage
Dr. João Manuel R. S. Tavares
Departmento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Website: http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~tavares/
Interests: computational vision, image processing and analysis, medical imaging; computer graphics, scientific visualization; biomedical engineering; modelling and simulation; product development
Prof. Dr. Maurizio Vedani
Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe La Masa 1, 20156 Milano, Italy
Website: http://www.mecc.polimi.it/
Interests: metallurgy of light alloys; plastic deformation of steels and non-ferous metals; thermomechanical and surface treatments of metals
Prof. Dr Jordi Sort Viñas
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) and Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
Website: http://jsort-icrea.uab.cat/
Interests: nanocrystalline alloys, metallic glasses, metallic films and patterned structures, nanomechanical properties, magnetic behaviour, phase transformations, modeling
Contribution: Special Issue: Metallic Glasses
Dr. Chunsheng Wang
Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2115, USA
Website: http://cswang.umd.edu/
Interests: rechargeable batteries; fuel cells; electrochemistry; nanomaterials
Dr. Shuwen Wen
Principal Scientist, Application & Engineering Department, Tata Steel R & D, Swinden Technology Centre, Rotherham S60 3AR, UK
Website: http://impact.ac.uk/industrial-partners/tata-steel/
Interests: Materials processing, casting, rolling, forming, welding; process and property characterisation; UOE linepipe manufacturing technology; numerical modeling
Prof. Dr. Yong Zhang
High-Entropy Alloys Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Website: http://skl.ustb.edu.cn/News_show.asp?id=212
Interests: high entropy and amorphous alloys, serration and noise in materials, metamaterials
Contribution: Special Issue: Serration and Noise Behavior in Advanced Materials
Dr. Marta Ziemnicka-Sylwester
Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 8, 060- 8628, Sapporo, Japan
Website: http:// http://www.eng.hokudai.ac.jp/labo/MSESC/marta/?id=cv
Interests: ultra-high temperature materials; cermets; strengthening; hardness and fracture toughness; wear and corrosion resistance; combustion synthesis; sintering; powder metallurgy
Contribution: Special Issue: Advances in Cermets
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