期刊名称：CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOENGINEERING
 期刊简介(About the journal)
投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)
编辑部信息(Editorial Board)
About the journal
A key challenge in improving human health is to understand how cellular behavior arises from molecular-level interactions. The field of Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering seeks to understand, so that we may ultimately control, the mechanical, chemical, and electrical processes of the cell. The aims of this journal are to publish experimental and theoretical studies that advance our understanding of (1) the biomechanics of cells, including their interaction with the extracellular environment, and of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids; (2) the chemical thermodynamics, kinetics, and transport processes associated with biomolecular interactions and cellular processes; and (3) electrical processes that underlie cell behavior. In addition, an overarching aim is to integrate our understanding of mechanical, chemical, and electrical processes to better understand the integrated, systems nature of cellular processes.
The scope of the journal is broad-based, including:
Behaviors of Biomolecules: Examples are studies of how mechanical forces and deformation affect the molecular conformation, binding/reaction, and transport of biomolecules; studies on the structural rigidity of DNA, RNA and proteins under stretching, twisting, bending and shearing and their effects on DNA condensation, gene replication and transcription, DNA-protein/RNA-protein interactions, protein folding and function, protein-protein and receptor-ligand interactions, and studies on the mechanisms of biomolecular motors, biomechanics of subcellular structures and protein assemblies/complexes, and mechano-electrochemical coupling in cells as they interact with their extracellular environment.
Behaviors of Cells: Studies of how cells sense mechanical, chemical, and electrical, events surrounding and within cells, and how cells transduce these events into biological responses. Specifically, studies of how mechanical, chemical, and electrical forces alter cell growth, differentiation, movement, signal transduction, protein secretion and transport, gene expression and regulation; studies of single cell and extracellular matrix behaviors, including their fluid- and mass-transport, viscoelastic properties, cell growth, division, spreading, rounding, crawling, adhesion, and studies on cell cytoskeleton dynamics; cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions
Computational Modeling of Molecules and Cells: Development and application of simulation models and numerical methods for the analysis, modeling, and prediction of the cell behavior as a function of intracellular and extracellular biomolecular processes. Methodologies include molecular and Langevin dynamics of biomolecules and mesoscopic modeling techniques, as well as multi-scale spatial and temporal modeling and computational methodologies, and seamless coupling of nano-micro-macro scale computational models.
Experimental Methods for Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering: Development of experimental techniques to study the mechanical, chemical, and electrical behavior of cells. Examples include local probes to deform a portion of the cell, for example via atomic force microscopy, mechanical deformation of a single cell, and simultaneous mechanical stressing of a population of cells; methods for studies of single-molecule biomechanics, including the mechanics at the attachment sites, positioning and manipulating of single molecules, imaging and measuring deformation, and applying simple or combined loads; methods for measuring and perturbing the transport and molecular binding interactions via optical, magnetic, or other physical means; advanced techniques for improved electrical measurements in single cells.
Abstracted/Indexed in:
Academic OneFile, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), CSA/Proquest, EMBASE, Expanded Academic, Google Scholar, Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, OCLC, Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch), SCOPUS, Summon by Serial Solutions
Instructions to Authors
Examples of Areas of Interest
A key challenge in improving human health is to understand how cellular behavior arises from molecular-level interactions. The field of Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering seeks to understand, so that we may ultimately control, the mechanical, chemical, and electrical processes of the cell. The aims of this journal are to publish experimental and theoretical studies that advance our understanding of (1) the biomechanics of cells, including their interaction with the extracellular environment, and of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids; (2) the chemical thermodynamics, kinetics, and transport processes associated with biomolecular interactions and cellular processes; and (3) electrical processes that underlie cell behavior. In addition, an overarching aim is to integrate our understanding of mechanical, chemical, and electrical processes to better understand the integrated, systems nature of cellular processes.
The scope of the journal is broad-based, including:
Behaviors of Biomolecules: Examples are studies of how mechanical forces and deformation affect the molecular conformation, binding/reaction, and transport of biomolecules; studies on the structural rigidity of DNA, RNA and proteins under stretching, twisting, bending and shearing and their effects on DNA condensation, gene replication and transcription, DNA-protein/RNA-protein interactions, protein folding and function, protein-protein and receptor-ligand interactions, and studies on the mechanisms of biomolecular motors, biomechanics of subcellular structures and protein assemblies/complexes, and mechano-electrochemical coupling in cells as they interact with their extracellular environment.
Behaviors of Cells:
Studies of how cells sense mechanical, chemical, and electrical, events surrounding and within cells, and how cells transduce these events into biological responses. Specifically, studies of how mechanical, chemical, and electrical forces alter cell growth, differentiation, movement, signal transduction, protein secretion and transport, gene expression and regulation; studies of single cell and extracellular matrix behaviors, including their fluid- and mass-transport, viscoelastic properties, cell growth, division, spreading, rounding, crawling, adhesion, and studies on cell cytoskeleton dynamics; cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions
Computational Modeling of Molecules and Cells:
Development and application of simulation models and numerical methods for the analysis, modeling, and prediction of the cell behavior as a function of intracellular and extracellular biomolecular processes. Methodologies include molecular and Langevin dynamics of biomolecules and mesoscopic modeling techniques, as well as multi-scale spatial and temporal modeling and computational methodologies, and seamless coupling of nano-micro-macro scale computational models.
Experimental Methods for Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering:
Development of experimental techniques to study the mechanical, chemical, and electrical behavior of cells. Examples include local probes to deform a portion of the cell, for example via atomic force microscopy, mechanical deformation of a single cell, and simultaneous mechanical stressing of a population of cells; methods for studies of single-molecule biomechanics, including the mechanics at the attachment sites, positioning and manipulating of single molecules, imaging and measuring deformation, and applying simple or combined loads; methods for measuring and perturbing the transport and molecular binding interactions via optical, magnetic, or other physical means; advanced techniques for improved electrical measurements in single cells.
Submission
Manuscripts are to be submitted on−line at the link below.
http://camb.edmgr.com
Research Articles
Research manuscripts must be original papers, submitted in English. Manuscripts are accepted for review with the understanding that the same work has not been and will not be published elsewhere, that all persons listed as authors have given their approval for the submission of the paper and further, that any person cited as a source of personal communications or whose effort is recognized in an acknowledgment has approved such citation. Written authorization may be required at the Editor's discretion. Articles published in the Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering represent the opinions of the author(s) and should not be construed to reflect the opinions of the Editor(s) or the Publisher.
Authors are encouraged to suggest potential reviewers for manuscripts. However, there is no guarantee that the suggested reviewers will be used.
Style of Manuscript
Manuscripts should meet the requirements outlined below to avoid delay in review and publication. With the exception of the style and ordering of the references, these style requirements match the "Uniform Requirements" published by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (Ann. Intern. Med. 126:36−−47, 1997). An online version of the "Uniform Requirements" can be viewed at the end of the chapter.
General Instructions:
1) Manuscripts must be double−spaced.
2) Pages should be numbered consecutively beginning with the title page. Pages should be arranged in the following order: title page, abstract and key terms, text, acknowledgments, references, tables, figure legends, figures.
3) The title page should have the title of the article, author(s), department and institution in which the work was done with address, an abbreviated title for the running head (not exceeding 55 characters including spaces between words), name and address for correspondence, and a contact telephone number, FAX number, and email.
4) The abstract and key terms should be on a separate page, double−spaced.
5) Each table should be typed on a separate page and double−spaced.
6) Figure captions should be typed double spaced on a separate page.
7) Figures should be identified with figure number and name of first author.
8) The text should be clear and concise, conforming to accepted standards of English style and usage. Unfamiliar or new terms should be defined when first used. Jargon should not be used.
Title:
The title should be informative. It should contain no unnecessary words and should not exceed 116 characters including spaces between words.
Abstract:
A one−paragraph abstract of not more than 200 words must accompany each manuscript. It should state concisely the reason for the study, what was done, what was found, what was concluded, and the relevance.
Key Terms:
After the abstract, list three to ten terms not included in the title.
Abbreviations, symbols, and terminology:
Include in the manuscript a list of new or special abbreviations used in the paper, with spelled−out form or definition. Internationally accepted biochemical abbreviations
such as ADP, NADH, and Pi do not need to be defined; other frequently used abbreviations need only to be defined at first mention. For commonly accepted abbreviations, word usage, symbols, etc., authors are referred to the CBE Style Manual (sixth edition, 1994). Chemical and biochemical terms and abbreviations should be in accordance with the recommendations of the IUPAC−IUB Combined Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. Isotope specification should conform to the IUPAC system.
Glossary of terms:
When only a few symbols and terms are used, define each one when it is first introduced.
The definition should include:
1) the symbol (Roman or Greek),
2) its name,
3) a definition in words, and
4) units.
When many terms and equations are used a Glossary of terms is necessary. Authors are referred to the following articles for style in specialized fields: "Terminology for circulatory mass transport and exchange" (Am. J. Physiol. 250:H539−−H545, 1986); "Glossary of terms for thermal physiology" (J. Appl. Physiol. 35:941−−961, 1973).
Units:
Authors should use the International System of Units (SI) except where common usage contradicts. Authors may follow the SI units with the equivalent value in common units (usually c.g.s. system) in parentheses. Units with more than 2 components should be written without slashes or dots, using superscripts, as in ml g −1 s −1 for flow per gram of tissue. Units such as ml/g/s are unacceptable.
Spelling:
Follow Webster's Third New International Dictionary for spelling, compounding, and word division.
Drugs, Chemicals, and Trade Names:
Proprietary (trademarked) names should be capitalized. Check spelling. The chemical or generic name should precede the trade name or abbreviation the first time it appears.
Footnotes:
Avoid footnotes. Use parenthetic statements in the text instead.
Acknowledgments:
At the end of the article one or more statements should specify
(a) contributions that do not justify authorship;
(b) technical help;
(c) financial and material support, specifying the nature of the support;
(d) financial relationships that may pose a conflict of interest.
Persons who have contributed intellectually to the paper but whose contributions do not justify authorship may be named and their function or contribution described. For example, "scientific advisor," "critical review of study proposal," "data collection," or "participation in clinical trial" are appropriate. Such persons must have given their permission to be named. Authors are responsible for obtaining written permission from persons acknowledged by name.
References and Citation Format
References are limited to pertinent published works or papers that have been accepted for publication. Usually this is achieved with fewer than 30 references. An abstract may be cited only when it is the sole source.
References should be typed separately, double−spaced, arranged alphabetically by author, and numbered serially, with only one reference per number. The number appropriate to each reference should be superscripted at the proper point in the text. The formats are:
Journal articles. Last name of first author, followed by initials, initials and last names of each coauthor; title of article (first word only capitalized); name of journal (abbreviated as in Serial Sources for the BIOSIS Data Base, published by BioSciences Information Service), volume, inclusive pages, and year.
Example: 1. Haselton, F. R., R. E. Parker, R. J. Roselli, and T. R. Harris. Analysis of lung multiple indicator data with an effective diffusivity model of capillary exchange. J. Appl. Physiol. 57:98−109, 1984.
Book references. Author(s) as above; title of book (main words capitalized); city of publication; publisher; year and pages, e.g., Thompson, D. A. W. On Growth and Form.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961, 346 pp.
For chapter in an edited book: Glass, L. and A. Shrier. "Low
dimensional chaos in the heart." In: Theory of Heart: Biomechanics, Biophysics, and Nonlinear Dynamics of Cardiac Function , edited by L. Glass, P. Hunter, and A. McCulloch. New York: Springer−Verlag, 1991, pp. 289−−312.
References to government technical documents should be included only when their availability is assured. Citations such as "unpublished observations" or "personal communication" should not be included in the reference list but may be added in parentheses in the text. Authors are responsible for obtaining permissions for reproduced material, cited correspondence.
Illustration
Figures published in the journal may be scanned using a digital scanner and integrated with the text of the article to compose completely electronic pages. Please conform with the following guidelines when preparing your illustrations for submission.
Submission of Electronic Figures
Authors are requested to supply electronic versions of figures in either Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) or TIFF format. Many other formats, e.g., Proprietary Formats, PiCT (Macintosh) and WMF (Windows), are discouraged and may require hard copy submission.
Figures should be saved in separate files without their captions, which should be included with the text of the article. Files should be named according to DOS conventions, e.g., figure1.eps. For vector graphics, EPS is the preferred format. Lines should not be thinner than 0.25pts and in−fill patterns and screens should have a density of at least 10%. Font−related problems can be avoided by using standard fonts such as Times Roman and Helvetica. For bitmapped graphics, TIFF is the preferred format. The following resolutions are optimal: black−and−white line figures — 1200 dpi; line figures with some gray or colored lines — 600 dpi; photographs — 300 dpi; screen dumps — leave as is.
Submission of Scanned Figures
Number figures in the order in which they appear in text. Label illustrations with their number, the name of the first author, and "CMB" on the front of the figure well outside the image area. Indicate the top of the figure.
Place only one figure per page. Place separate parts of the same figure on one sheet of paper, spaced 1/4 in. apart and leaving a 2−inch bottom margin. Label all figure parts with (a), (b), etc. Make sure each figure is straight on the page. Photocopies of artwork are not acceptable.
Prepare illustrations in the final published size, not over−sized. Figures should be sized for one column width of the journal (3.25 in.) in order to avoid problems arising from large reductions in size during scanning. This is especially important for screened or shaded illustration. Reduction of screened/shaded originals during the digitizing process introduces a Moir pattern.
Do not use correction fluid or tape on the illustrations. The scanner is extremely sensitive and reproduces all flaws (e.g., correction fluid, tape, smudges, dust). Do not write on the back of the figure because it will be picked up by the scanner.
Ensure a minimum of 8−point type size (2.8 mm high; 1/8 in. high) and 1−point line width with illustrations (a 3−point line width if reduction is required.) Avoid inconsistencies in lettering within individual figures, and from one figure to the next. Lettering and symbols must not be handwritten. Avoid small open symbols that tend to fill in if any reduction is necessary.
Author's laser−generated graphics are acceptable only if the lettering and lines are dark enough, and thick enough, to reproduce clearly, especially if reduction is necessary. Remember that fine lines in laser−generated graphics tend to disappear upon reduction.
Submit continuous−tone photographs in final published size on white glossy or matte paper. Avoid glossy paper stock that is off−white, ivory, or colored because contrast within the illustration will be lost in reproduction. Print the photograph with more contrast than is desired in the final printed journal page. Avoid dull, textured paper stock, which will cause illustrations to lose contrast and detail when reproduced.
Color figures: All color images submitted will be published in full color in print and online at no extra charge.
The approximate position of each figure should be indicated in the manuscript.
Tables
Statistical summary tables are acceptable. Tables with many lines of individual values may be submitted as Supplementary Material (see below).
Number tables consecutively with Arabic numerals and prepare with the size of the journal page inmind: 3.25 inches wide, single column; 6.75 inches wide, double column.
Type each table double−spaced on a separate page.
Give each table a brief title; explanatory matter should be in footnotes, not in the title .
Tables must not duplicate material in text or figures.
Omit horizontal and vertical rules when possible.
Omit nonsignificant decimal places in tabular data.
Use short or abbreviated column heads and expand in footnotes if necessary.
Identify statistical measures of variations, e.g., SD, s.e.m., etc.
List table footnotes in the order of their appearance and reference them with the standard symbols (* | ? ) — consecutive superior letters should be used throughout.
The approximate position of each table should be indicated in the manuscript.
Modeling
Communications that deal with models and their application in biology, physiology, bioengineering or related areas are welcome. Manuscripts may be original research contributions, critiques, reviews, survey papers, or tutorials. Mathematics and technical jargon must be relevant and clearly explained. Articles should be self−contained. Purely theoretical studies must be of exceptional merit.
Modeling developments should conform to standard modeling practice. Appropriate measures of variability should be specified for quantitative results based all or in part on a model and experimental data. For example, if a model is used to estimate model parameter values from data, variability measures for estimates must be reported as well as the (point) estimates themselves. How such values were estimated should be indicated (what algorithms, programs, etc.), including the method for calculating variability estimates. The meaning (or lack thereof) of reported parameter values should also be discussed, in the context of the purpose of the modeling effort (e.g., physiological significance). If a model includes parameter (or variable) values estimated from data, and the model is used to predict or explain something (e.g., a physiological implication), an analysis/discussion of how the variability in estimated values affects predictions, explanations, or conclusions should be included. If the work involves a computer simulation or simulation model, and numerical values are used to generate simulated solutions pertinent to reported results, the sensitivity of such solutions/results to these parameters for the numerical values used in simulations should be evaluated. Simulations are usually used to explain or predict real system behavior, which depends on the numerical values of parameters used in the simulation. Therefore, some form of parameter sensitivity analysis is needed to support results based on the model.
Mathematical Formulas and Equations
Mathematical aspects should be addressed to readers who are not mathematicians. The presentation should include the mathematical strategy, the assumptions on which the mathematics are based, and a summary of the meaning of the final mathematical statement and its limitations. Lengthy or complex mathematical developments central to the article may be put in an appendix.
Structural chemical formulas and complicated mathematical equations should be simplified as much as possible and carefully checked. All subscripts, superscripts, Greek letters, and other unusual characters must be clearly identified in penciled notes in the margin where they first appear. Distinguish between 1 (one) and the letter l (el), 0 (zero) and the letter O, Ç and letter x. Use the slant line (/) for simple fractions (a b)/(x y) in the text rather than the built up fraction, which should be used if the equation is offset from the text. Use subscripts or superscripts wherever feasible and appropriate, because they often simplify the equations [RARD instead of RARD or (RA) (RD)]. Use circles for pools in compartmental or flow−type models and whole arrows for interconnections or flows (not arrows with half−heads, as in reversible chemical equations). Do not use nonstandard mathematical notations; e.g., do not use computer symbols in equations (* for multiplication). Use lowercase letters for time−varying symbols in compartmental model equations, preferably q(t) for masses, c(t) for concentrations, with subscripts as needed. Our convention for numerical subscripts for rate constants (k21) is the same as that used in most life sciences but opposite to that currently used in pharmacokinetics, i.e., our kij is the fractional rate of transfer from compartment j to compartment i (or to compartment i from compartment j). Our notation is consistent with standard nomenclature in applied mathematics for matrices and matrix manipulation algorithms in commercial software packages for scientific/mathematical commutations involving matrices. See Glossary of terms (above).
Review Articles
Review articles will ordinarily be brief reviews focused on particularly noteworthy, novel, and critical aspects of a field. Authors contemplating submission of review articles should contact the Editor.
Methods and Technical Reports
Special communications describe new methods, new apparatuses with applications, techniques with physiological adaptability, and critiques of methods and techniques. They should be brief, from a half to a few pages.
Rapid Communications
Rapid Communications contain results of unusual interest in a short form. Review is accelerated and papers appear in the next available issue after acceptance. These communications must not exceed four journal pages in length, including figures, tables, and references. Rapid Communications will be accepted with no more than minor revisions.
History and Teaching Articles
These concern the teaching of specific topics or experiments, the evaluation of specific curricular strategies, the assessment of computerized learning programs, etc. Length should be comparable to a research report.
Book Reviews
Books, after publication, may be submitted for possible review in the journal. The Society does not accept the obligation to review all books received but will list them in order to acknowledge receipt. Books not reviewed will be returned on request.
Letters to the Editor
Letters to the Editor are encouraged, especially those that highlight controversies, ambiguities, or misapplications of theory or method. Letters must be typewritten, double−spaced, and include a title. Three copies should be submitted. They should be short. Letters are reviewed by the appropriate editor and are subject to editing and possible abridgment. If a letter is found acceptable, a copy will be sent to the author of the article under discussion. The author will have an opportunity to respond with material that will be also considered for publication.
Auxiliary Materials
The Editor, after acceptance, may recommend that auxiliary material containing important data too extensive to publish be deposited with an archival service, such as the National Auxiliary Publications Service in the United States, or otherwise made available by the authors. In that event, an appropriate statement supplied by the authors should be added to the accepted manuscript. Submit such materials for consideration along with the manuscript.
Unique Materials, Data and Computer Code
Work published in the Journal must necessarily be independently verifiable. Authors describing results derived from the use of antibodies, recombinant plasmids and cloned DNAs, mutant cell lines or viruses, and other similarly unique materials are expected to make such materials available to qualified investigators on request. Authors should also submit published nucleic acid/amino acid sequences to a widely accessible data bank.
Authors are encouraged to archive experimental methods of procedure, data, models, detailed derivations of equations, computer algorithms and subroutines.
Computer codes used for special analyses or modeling should be made available to reviewers and readers whenever possible, either through e−mail, via FTP, or by making them available
Experimental Procedures
The Society endorses the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki as defined in the "Guiding Principles for Research Involving Animals and Human Beings."
Copyright
The Journal is copyrighted for the protection of authors and the Society. A copyright transfer form will be sent to the author who submits the manuscript. The transfer form must be completed and returned before the work will be typeset.
The appearance of a code line at the bottom of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owners consent that copies of the article may be made for personal or internal use. However, this consent is given on the condition that the copier pay a flat fee per Copy per article (no additional per−page fees) directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Massachusetts 01923 (please click the link below), for all copying not explicitly permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. The CCC is a nonprofit clearinghouse for the payment of photocopying fees by libraries and other users registered with the CCC. Therefore, this consent does not extend to the other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for creating new collective works, or for resale, nor to the reprinting of figures, tables, and text excerpts.
http://www.copyright.com
Permissions
Authors are required to obtain written permission for the right to use published figures or text, as above, and to use personal communications.
The journal makes no page charges
Proofs
One set of proofs are sent to the corresponding author via email in PDF format. Paper proofs are available upon request.
Reprints
Authors may order reprints using the Online order form sent with the page proofs. 25 free reprints will be supplied to the corresponding author of the article. Authors requesting the 25 free reprints should order them online.
Springer Open Choice
In addition to the normal publication process (whereby an article is submitted to the journal and access to that article is granted to customers who have purchased a subscription), Springer now provides an alternative publishing option:
Springer Open Choice. A Springer Open Choice article receives all the benefits of a regular subscription−based article, but in addition is made available publicly through Springers online platform SpringerLink. To publish via Springer Open Choice, upon acceptance please visit the link below to complete the relevant order form and provide the required payment information. Payment must be received in full before publication or articles will publish as regular subscription−model articles. We regret that Springer Open Choice cannot be ordered for published articles.
http://www.springeronline.com/openchoice/
Guiding Principles for Research
The Declaration of Helsinki
The Biomedical Engineering Society endorses the Recommendations from the Declaration of Helsinki and the Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Animals and insists that all investigations involving humans and all animal experimentation reported in its publications be conducted in conformity with these principles. Editors/Associate Editors are expected to refuse papers in which evidence of the adherence to these principles is not apparent. They reserve the right to judge the appropriateness of the use of animals and humans in experiments published in the journals. Differences of opinion will be adjudicated by the Publications Committee.
Basic Principles
1. Clinical research must conform to moral and scientific principles that justify medical research. It should be based on laboratory and animal experiments wherever possible, and on other scientifically
established facts.
2. Clinical research should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons and with the supervision of a medically qualified person.
3. Clinical research should not be undertaken unless the importance of the objective is great compared to the inherent risk to the subject.
4. Every clinical research project should be preceded by careful assessment of inherent risks to the subject, balanced against foreseeable benefits to the subject or others.
5. Special caution should be exercised by the doctor in performing clinical research in which the personality of the subject is liable to be altered by drugs or experimental procedure.
Clinical Research Combined with Professional Care
1. In the treatment of the sick person, the doctor must be free to use a new therapeutic measure, if in his judgment it offers hope of saving life, reestablishing health, or alleviating suffering. If at all possible, consistent with patient psychology, the doctor should obtain the patient's freely given consent after the patient has been given a full explanation. In case of legal incapacity, consent should also be procured from the legal guardian; in case of physical incapacity the permission of the legal guardian replaces that of the patient.
2. The doctor can combine clinical research with professional care, the objective being the acquisition of new medical knowledge, only to the extent that clinical research is justified by its therapeutic value for the patient.
Non-Therapeutic Clinical Research
1. In the purely scientific application of clinical research carried out on a human being, it is the duty of the doctor to remain the protector of the life and health of that person on whom clinical research is being carried out.
2. The nature, the purpose and the risk of clinical research must be explained to the subject by the doctor.
3. Clinical research on a human being cannot be undertaken without his free consent after he has been informed; if he is legally incompetent, the consent of the legal guardian should be procured.
4. The subject of clinical research should be in such a mental, physical and legal state as to be able to exercise fully his power of choice.
5. Consent should, as a rule, be obtained in writing. However, the responsibility for clinical research always remains with the research worker; it never falls on the subject even after consent is obtained.
6. The investigator must respect the right of each individual to safeguard his personal integrity, especially if the subject is in any way dependent on him.
7. At any time during the course of clinical research the subject or his guardian should be free to withdraw permission for research to be continued.
The investigator or the investigating team should discontinue the research if in his or their judgment, it may, if continued, be harmful to the individual.
The Care and Use of Animals
Animal experiments are to be undertaken only with the purpose of advancing knowledge. Considerations should be given to the appropriateness of experimental procedures, species of animals used, and number of animals required.
Only animals that are lawfully acquired shall be used in the laboratory, and their retention and use shall be in every case in compliance with federal, state and local laws and regulations, and in accordance with the NIH Guide2.
Animals used in research and education must receive every consideration for their comfort; they must be properly housed, fed, and their surroundings kept in a sanitary condition.
All experimental procedures must be carried out in accordance with the NIH Guide. Appropriate anesthetics must be used to eliminate sensibility to pain during all surgical procedures. Muscle relaxants or paralytics are not anesthetics and they must not be used alone for surgical restraint, but may be used in connection with drugs known to produce adequate analgesia. All measures to minimize pain and distress that would not compromise the experimental results must be employed. If the study requires the death of the animal, the most humane euthanasia method consistent with the study must be used.
The postoperative care of animals shall be such as to minimize discomfort and pain, and in any case shall be equivalent to accepted practices in schools of veterinary medicine.
When animals are used by students for their education or the advancement of science, the work shall be under the direct supervision of an experienced teacher/investigator.
1. Approved by the Board of The Biomedical Engineering Society, October, 1993.
2. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 85−−23, Revised
1985. Office of Science and Health Reports, DRR/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Editorial Board
Editors-in-Chief
X. Edward Guo, Columbia University
David J. Odde, University of Minnesota
Editorial Advisory Board
Van C. Mow, Chair, Columbia University
Steven A. Goldstein, University of Michigan
Masaaki Sato, Tohoku University
Geert W. Schmid-Schoenbein, University of California, San Diego
Savio L-Y Woo, University of Pittsburgh
Shu Chien, University of California, San Diego
Regional Editors
Asia Editor: Mian Long, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Europe Editor: Pierre Bongrand, INSERM UMR 600 - CNRS UMR 6212
Board of Associate Editors
Ellen M. Arruda, University of Michigan
Sangeeta N. Bhatia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kerry S. Bloom, University of North Carolina
Lynne Cassimeris, Lehigh University
Christopher S. Chen, University of Pennsylvania
Kevin D. Costa, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Richard B. Dickinson, University of Florida
Dennis E. Discher, University of Pennsylvania
Cheng Dong, Pennsylvania State University
Harold P. Erickson, Duke University
Ben Fabry, University of Erlangen-Nurenberg
Daniel A. Fletcher, University of California, Berkeley
Jeffrey J. Fredberg, Harvard University
Huajian Gao, Brown University
Donald P. Gaver, Tulane University
William H. Guilford, University of Virginia
Will O. Hancock, Pennsylvania State University
Jason M. Haugh, North Carolina State University
Jeff W. Holmes, University of Virginia
Jonathan Howard, Max Planck Institute
Alan J. Hunt, University of Michigan
Donald E. Ingber, Harvard University
Christopher R. Jacobs, Columbia University
Paul A. Janmey, University of Pennsylvania
Hanjoong Jo, Georgia Institute of Technology
Roger D. Kamm, Masschusetts Institute of Technology
Douglas A. Lauffenburger, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Joseph M. Le Doux, Georgia Instutute of Technology
Philip R. Leduc, Carnegie Mellon University
Marc E. Levenston, Stanford University
Chwee Teck Lim, National University of Singapore
Helen H. Lu, Columbia University
Andrew D. McCulloch, University of California, San Diego
Mohammad R. K. Mofrad, University of California, Berkeley
Daniel J. Muller, University of Technology of Dresden
Thomas D. Pollard, Yale University
Alexander S. Popel, Johns Hopkins University
David Sept, Washington University
Jin-Yu Shao, Washington University
Subra Suresh, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ning Wang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Yu-Li Wang, Carnegie Mellon University
Joyce Y. Wong, Boston University
Martin L. Yarmush, Rutgers University
Muhammad Zaman, University of Texas-Austin
Cheng Zhu, Georgia Institute of Technology
| 
