期刊名称：ECONOMICS-THE OPEN ACCESS OPEN-ASSESSMENT E-JOURNAL ISSN： 1864-6042 出版频率： Continuous publication 出版社： WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 期刊网址： http://www.economics-ejournal.org/ 影响因子： 0.46(2015年) 0.644(2014年) 0.307(2013年) 0.491 (2012年) 主题范畴： ECONOMICS 期刊简介(About the journal)    投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)    编辑部信息(Editorial Board)    About the journal economics is a new type of academic journal in economics. By involving a large research community in an innovative public peer review process, economics aims to provide fast access to top-quality papers. Modern communication technologies are used to find for every research issue the best virtual team out of a network of highly motivated researchers from all over the world. Thus, publishing is seen as a cooperative enterprise between authors, editors, referees, and readers. economics offers open access to all readers and takes the form of an e-journal, i.e. submission, evaluation, and publication are electronic. economics embodies the following principles: Open Access: Following the principle that knowledge is a public good, all readers have open access to reading and downloading papers. The simple and free access ensures maximum readership and high citation records for published papers. Open Assessment: The traditional peer review process is substantially supplemented by a public peer review process in which the community of active researchers from all over the world has a hand in the evaluation process. Due to interactive peer review and public discussion, economics provides fast and efficient quality assurance. Within a two stage publication process, much of the research evaluation takes place after rather than before an article is published. Prizes for the most outstanding papers in special fields are awarded.  Speed: Submitted papers that have been identified as sufficiently promising for a referee process are made available on the journal’s homepage within three weeks. Thus, the time for new ideas to find their way into the scientific community is substantially reduced. Add-on Services: To foster scientific exchange, economics embeds forums on special themes, where authors and readers can communicate and possibly conduct joint research. In addition, interested readers can take advantage of alert services announcing new papers in their fields. As far as possible, economics also provides hyperlinks to the referenced literature. Style and Contents economics aims to cover all the main areas of economics. Inevitably, articles in different areas of economics are addressed at different audiences. Many of the articles submitted to the journal are standard technical pieces, addressed to a purely academic audience. Others concern economic policy and thus are addressed both to economists and policy makers with some economic background. Yet others are surveys and overviews, often interdisciplinary, addressed to a non-technical audience. To attract this variety of contributions, economics will contain the following areas, in addition to the standard contributions for a purely academic audience:  Policy Papers economics Policy Papers are concerned with the economic analysis of current policy issues. The analysis is rigorous, from a theoretical and empirical perspective, but the articles are written in non-technical language appropriate for a broad spectrum of economic decision makers and participants economic policy discussion. Surveys and Overviews Surveys and Overviews aim to integrate the analysis and lessons from various fields of economics with the aim of providing new insights, that are not accessible from any particular sub-discipline of economics. The contributions may include survey and review articles, provided that the broad perspective is maintained. They are addressed to a general audience interested in economic issues. Journal articles and discussion papers published in Economics are archived in EconStor, the digital repository of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW). The ZBW will take action needed to ensure persistent and free access to the journal's content. Economics is indexed and abstracted in Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) EconLit SSRN (till 2012) RePEc - Research Papers in Economics, see IDEAS or EconPapers ECONIS EBSCO (Business Source Product Family) IBSS ABI/INFORM (ProQuest) Scopus (from 2013 onwards) DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) Instructions to Authors All papers, comments, figures and other material published in this journal are copyrighted by the author(s) and, unless otherwise noted, are licenced under a Creative Commons License. Papers published from 2007 to 2012 are licensed under the Creative Commons License--Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Germany. Papers published from 2013 onwards are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0.  By submitting a paper, authors implicitly accept the authors´ guidelines and authors´ contract as set out below. General Guidelines for Authors The submitted manuscripts or substantial parts of them should not have been previously published or submitted for publication somewhere else. The abbreviated version of the contents for presentation at a meeting is not regarded as a publication. All authors ensure that they have furnished a substantial contribution to the paper and that they are in agreement with form and contents of the manuscript. Corresponding authors confirm that they hold the copyrights to their articles as well as to the text and illustrations attached therein in the authors´ contract. If material (e.g., illustrations or tables) is used from other sources, authors must submit a written statement from the holder(s) of the copyright(s) indicating they have obtained permission to publish this material in economics. The authors of articles published by economics grant economics the right to store the articles in its databases for an unlimited period of time and to distribute and reproduce the articles electronically. The authors retain all remaining exploitation rights to their articles, subject to the condition that any further use of the articles shall make reference to their original publication in economics ("originally published in economics"). Authors should indicate, either in their cover letter or in the title page, whether the research reported in their paper was the result of a for-pay consulting relationship or if they or their employer has a financial interest in the topic of the paper which might constitute a conflict of interest. In general, papers may be of any length but should be self-contained. Further, they should provide new findings or deal with new methods. Supplementary material, such as data sets etc., should be submitted together with the manuscript (see our data availability policy).  Authors should have in mind that, as soon as a paper is accepted as discussion paper, it will promptly be published (without any editorial changes). Once a paper is published as a discussion paper, it cannot be withdrawn by the author.   Authors are asked to suggest potential reviewers. Ideally, these reviewers should be researchers who are not closely associated with the author (i.e., who are do not work at an affiliated institution and who have not collaborated significantly with the author on research). Should this not be the case, authors are requested to so indicate. All suggested reviewers should be able to offer fair and impartial reviews of the material being submitted. When a paper is accepted as a discussion paper, the editorial office of economics sends the paper to these reviewers for comment.   Authors are asked to register as registered readers in order to be able to respond to comments submitted to the discussion platform for their paper. After the discussion platform is closed, authors are free to submit a revised manuscript for publication in economics. Authors who intend to do so should inform the editorial office.  Authors can post revised versions of their articles anytime in response to the public peer review.     Guidelines for Manuscripts Submission. Papers should be submitted electronically. By way of exception, they can also be submitted via email to the following address: editorial-office@economics-ejournal.org Data Sets. Authors are required to provide mathematical derivations and underlying data sets together with their papers to ensure that the results of a paper are quickly comprehensible to interested readers (see our data availability policy). Papers can be accompanied by supplementary material, such as PowerPoint presentations, to help to elucidate and disseminate underlying ideas. Language. Papers should be clear, concise, well organized, and written in English, with correct spelling and good sentence structure. Authors are responsible for the use of correct English, although the editors and the referees are kindly asked to help in language editing of the manuscript if necessary. Manuscript. The cover page should contain the following: title of the paper, name(s) of author(s) and main affiliations, and an abstract, complemented by JEL classification numbers and keywords. Acknowledgments and information on grants received should be presented at the end of the text. Footnotes in the paper should be numbered consecutively. If possible, please use the LaTeX template for discussion papers to prepare your manuscript: http://www.economics-ejournal.org/templates/EconEJ.LaTeX_DP_1.6.zip/view. References. The reference list should appear at the end of the text, with hyperlinks to full-text papers on the Web, and should start on a new page. Issue numbers should be provided for all journals cited in the references: Blouin, M. R. (2003). Equilibrium in a decentralized market with adverse selection. Economic  Theory  22  (2):  245–262. URL: http://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/joecth/v22y2003i2p245-262.html. Edwards, S. (1999). How effective are capital controls? NBER Working Paper 7413. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/7413.html. Siebert, H. (1991). The new economic landscape in Europe. Oxford: Blackwell. Tharakan, P.K.M., and G. Calfat (1999). Belgium. In M. Brülhart and R. Hine (Eds.), Intra-industry trade and adjustment: The European experience. London: Macmillan.    In the text, references should appear as follows:    North (1995: 29–35) finds that ... In the literature (Alesina and Gulli 1993: 95; OECD 2000: Chapter B; Rogoff 1985a, 1985b; Stern et al. 1976) it has been shown ...    For the sake of brevity, "et al." should be used when referring to more than two authors. Names and dates in the text should correspond strictly to the list of references. Formulas. Displayed formulas should be numbered consecutively on the right as (1), (2), etc. All characters should be defined and used unambiguously. Standard italicization should be used. When referring to formulas in the text, only numbers in parentheses should be used, for example, (1). At the beginning of sentences, numbers in parentheses should be preceded by the word "equation", for example, Equation (1).  Tables. Tables should be of a reasonable number and size. Columns should be clearly designed and explanations should be given in footnotes using letters below the table body. Only the first word in each column heading and in each entry of the stub column should be capitalized. Titles should be formatted above the tables as follows: Table 1: Real GNP in Germany, 1980–1992 (millions of US dollars)  Figures. Figures should be complete and clearly drawn. Special care should be taken to ensure that lettering and symbols are of a comparable size and readable. When labeling, initial capitalization should be used. Figures should not be overloaded with information.   Author's Contract In submitting papers to economics the authors certify that: They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into the following arrangements.  They warrant, on behalf of themselves and their co-authors, that: the article is original, has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal, is not under consideration by any other journal and does not infringe upon any existing copyright or any other third party rights; they are the sole authors of the article and have full authority to enter into this agreement and in granting rights to economics are not in breach of any other obligation. If the law requires that the paper be published in the public domain, they will notify economics at the time of submission. the paper contains nothing that is unlawful, libelous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy; they have taken due care to ensure the integrity of the article. To their best—and currently accepted scientific—knowledge all statements contained in it purporting to be facts are true and any formula or instruction contained in the article will not, if followed accurately, cause any injury, illness or damage to the user. The authors agree that their papers may be published by economics under a Creative Commons License entitled Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Germany. Editorial Board   Editor Dennis J. Snower Kiel Institute for the World Economy Co-Editors  Awudu Abdulai, University of Kiel, Germany Sumru G. Altug, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey Guido Ascari, Università di Pavia, Italy Emmanuelle Auriol, IDEI, Université de Toulouse, France Subhayu Bandyopadhyay, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Scott Barrett, Lenfest-Earth Institute Professor of Natural Resource Economics at Columbia University Robert A. Becker, Indiana University Ansgar Belke, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany Paul Belleflamme, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium Gianluca Benigno, London School of Economics, UK Pierpaolo Benigno, New York University, USA Marcus Berliant, Washington University, USA Giuseppe Bertola, Università di Torino, Italy Dilip K. Bhattacharyya, none Arne Bigsten, Göteborg University, Sweden Ennio Bilancini, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy Alessandra Bonfiglioli, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain Kurt Brannas, Umea University Joachim von Braun, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, USA Marius Brülhart, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Kate Bundorf, Stanford University, USA Michael Burda, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany Nauro F. Campos, Brunel University Carlo Carraro, Fondazione Eni E. Mattei, Venice, Italy Kai Carstensen, Ifo Institute for Research, Munich Steve Caudill, Rhodes College, Memphis, USA John Cawley, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA Satya R. Chakravarty, Indian Statistical Institute Daniele Checchi, University of Milano, Italy Natalie Chen, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Yin-Wong Cheung, City University of Hong Kong Menzie Chinn, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA Jay Pil Choi, Michigan State University, USA Ettore Damiano, University of Toronto, Canada Gianni De Fraja, University of Nottingham, UK Paul De Grauwe, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium Stefan Dercon, University of Oxford, UK Axel Dreher, ETH Zurich Gil S. Epstein, Bar-Ilan University Wilfried Ethier, University of Pennsylvania, USA Torberg Falch, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Lars Feld, University of Heidelberg, Germany David Feldman, College of William and Mary Jan Fidrmuc, Brunel University, London John Fitz Gerald, The Economic and Social research Institute, Dublin Lionel Fontagne, Université Paris 1, Paris School of Economics & CEPII, Paris, France Joseph Francois, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands Guido Friebel, Université des Sciences Sociales, Toulouse, France Ulrich Fritsche, University of Hamburg Mauro Gallegati, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona Oded Galor, Brown University, Providence, USA Luca Gambetti, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain Gino Gancia, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain William Gavin, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Thomas Gehrig, University of Vienna, Austria Fabio Ghironi, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, USA Liam Graham, University College London, UK Michael Haliassos, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany Colm Harmon, UCD Geary Institute Ricardo Hausmann, Kennedy School, Harvard University, USA Emmanuel Haven, University of Leicester Arye L. Hillman, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Marjan W. Hofkes, Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands Roman Horvath, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Harold Houba, Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands Joyce Jacobsen, Wesleyan University Taisei Kaizoji, International Christian University, Tokyo Marcus Kappler, Centre for European Economic Research Anke Kessler, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada Michael Klein, Tufts University, Medford, USA Rainer Klump, Universität Frankfurt, Germany Robert Kollmann, Free University of Brussels Jerzy Konieczny, Wilfrid Laurier University Phoebe Koundouri, Athens University of Economics and Business Pramila Krishnan, University of Cambridge, UK Margaret Kyle, Toulouse School of Economics, France Rafael Lalive, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Julia Lane, University of Chicago Rolf J. Langhammer, Kiel Institute for the World Economy Michael Lechner, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland Richard Levich, New York University, USA Frank Lichtenberg, Columbia University, Graduate School of Business, USA Nuno Limao, University of Maryland Zheng Liu, Emory University, USA Andreas Löschel, Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany Thomas Lux, University of Kiel, Germany Ronald MacDonald, University of Glasgow, UK Matteo Manera, University of Milano-Bicocca Catherine L. Mann, Institute for International Economics, Washington, D.C., USA Wayne Marr, School of Management, University of Alaska at Fairbanks Keith E. Maskus, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA Catherine Matraves, Michigan State University Mathilde Maurel, University of Paris I, France Paolo Mauro, International Monetary Fund Bruce McCarl, Texas A&M University, USA Ross Miller, State University of New York at Albany Chris Milner, University of Nottingham, UK Kris Mitchener, Santa Clara University, USA Stefan Mittnik, University of Munich, Germany Massimo Morelli, The Ohio State University, USA Oliver Morrissey, University of Nottingham, UK Richard Murnane, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Peter Nijkamp, Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands Pau Olivella, Departament d'Economia i d’Història Econòmica, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain Henry Overman, London School of Economics, UK Martin Paldam, University of Aarhus, Denmark Tapio Palokangas, University of Helsinki, Finland Marc Paolella, University of Zurich, Switzerland Eleonora Patacchini, Dipartimento di Analisi Economiche e Sociali, La Sapienza Università di Roma Pietro Peretto, Duke University, Durham, USA Roberto Perotti, IGIER – Università Bocconi, Milano, Italy Christian Pierdzioch, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany Michael Plummer, Johns Hopkins University, Bologna, Italy Richard Pomfret, University of Adelaide, Australia Joanna Poyago-Theotoky, Loughborough University Alberto Franco Pozzolo, Università degli Studi del Molise Matin Qaim, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Bernd Raffelhüschen, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany Ramkishen S. Rajan, George Mason University Christophe Rault, LEO (University of Orléans), UMR 6221; Research Fellow, BEM (Bordeaux Management School) Roberto Reno, Università di Siena, Italy Till Requate, University of Kiel, Germany Mary Rigdon, Rutgers University, USA Katharine Rockett, University of Essex Peter L. Rousseau, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA Gilles Saint-Paul, Université des Sciences Sociales, Toulouse, France Sunil Sapra, California State University, USA Lucio Sarno, Cass Business School, City University London, UK Stephane Saussier, Université de Paris, France Ekkehart Schlicht, University of Munich, Germany T. Paul Schultz, Yale University, New Haven, CO, USA John Seater, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, USA Anwar Shah, World Bank Jacques Silber, Emeritus, Bar-Ilan University, Israel Frank Smets, Europäische Zentralbank, Frankfurt, Germany Bent Sorensen, University of Houston, USA Amedeo Spadaro, Universitat de les Illes Balears Thanasis Stengos, University of Guelph Livio Stracca, European Central Bank Jan-Egbert Sturm, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Wing Suen, University of Hong Kong Wim Suyker, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, The Hague Otto H. Swank, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands Jacques Thisse, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium Richard Tol, University of Sussex; Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, US Karen Helene Ullveit-Moe, Norges Handelshøyskole, Bergen-Sandviken, Norway Marco Vivarelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy Ulrich Wagner, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Frank Westerhoff, Universität Bamberg Rudolf Winter-Ebmer, University of Linz, Austria Cees A. Withagen, Tilburg University, Netherlands, and Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands Ludger Woessmann, ifo Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Munich, Germany Justin Wolfers, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, USA Andreas Worms, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt Asaf Zussman, Cornell, University, Ithaca, USA Ruud de Mooij, International Monetary Fund, Washington Albert de Vaal, Radboud University Nijmegen   Assistant Editors  Frank Bickenbach  Jens Hogrefe  Toman Omar Mahmoud  Daiju Narita  Sonja Peterson  Christopher Reicher  Rainer Thiele  Natalia Trofimenko Administrative Editor  Korinna Werner-Schwarz    Kiel Institute for the World Economy    Hindenburgufer 66    D-24105 Kiel    Germany    Tel.: + 49 (0) 431-8814-226    Fax: + 49 (0) 431-8814-538    E-mail: korinna.werner-schwarz@economics-ejournal.org   Assistants to the Editorial Board  Sylvia Künne    Kiel Institute for the World Economy    Tel.: + 49 (0) 431-8814-306     E-mail: editorial-office@economics-ejournal.org    Kristina Sander    Kiel Institute for the World Economy    Tel.: + 49 (0) 431-8814-238     E-mail: editorial-office@economics-ejournal.org    Olaf Siegert    ZBW – German National Library of Economics   Tel.: + 49 (0) 431-8814-450      E-mail: o.siegert@zbw.eu   Marlies Thiessen    Kiel Institute for the World Economy    Tel.: + 49 (0) 431-8814-227     E-mail: editorial-office@economics-ejournal.org   Hendrik Bunke    ZBW – German National Library of Economics     Tel.: + 49 (0) 431-8814-223     E-mail: h.bunke@zbw.eu