期刊名称：PLANT DISEASE ISSN： 0191-2917 版本： SCI-CDE 出版频率： Monthly 出版社： AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC, 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, USA, MN, 55121   出版社网址： http://www.apsnet.org/ 期刊网址： http://www.apsnet.org/pd/top.asp 影响因子： 4.438 主题范畴： PLANT SCIENCES 期刊简介(About the journal)    投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)    编辑部信息(Editorial Board)    About the journal Plant Disease Plant Disease is a leading international journal of applied, peer reviewed plant pathology research. It publishes original research articles focusing on practical aspects of plant disease diagnosis and control. Each issue also includes a monthly feature article summarizing a significant topic in plant pathology. The Disease Notes section contains timely reports of new diseases, outbreaks, and other pertinent observations. Plant Disease is an official publication of The American Phytopathological Society. Instructions to Authors Plant Disease is an official monthly publication of The American Phytopathological Society (APS). This international journal of applied plant pathology publishes original research articles, reports of new diseases and epidemics, and feature articles on needs, approaches, and accomplishments. Papers acceptable for publication in Plant Disease report findings that are reproducible or, for long-term experiments, findings that are consistent over a period of years. Manuscripts from symposia at annual APS meetings may be submitted. Organizers of a symposium must make arrangements with the Editor-in-Chief for submissions before the symposium is presented. Manuscripts from symposia are subject to the same review process and charges applied to other articles. All opinions, editorials, and papers published in Plant Disease reflect the views of the authors and are not necessarily the views of APS or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated. The editors reserve the right to reject or accept letters for publication and to edit letters for clarity and conciseness. Guidelines for Preparation of Electronic Manuscript Submissions. Manuscripts must be submitted according to the new guidelines for electronic manuscript submission. All manuscripts submitted as hard copies will be returned to the authors, along with a copy of the new Guidelines. All manuscripts should be submitted as Portable Document Format (PDF) files with text, tables, figure legends, figures, and illustrations contained in one PDF document. Manuscripts submitted in file formats other than PDF will be returned to the authors. The objective of electronic submission is to hasten the time from manuscript submission to publication. The use of PDF files will be limited to the initial submission and review process. We ask that you submit your manuscript in PDF format according to the following directions (These rules do NOT apply to Features and Disease Notes): Prepare your text, tables, and figures according to the Instructions to Authors (listed below). Combine all parts of the manuscript in one Word or WordPerfect file in the following order: text, tables, figures, and figure captions. Convert your file to PDF format. The easiest way to do this is with Adobe Acrobat software. If you do not currently have the software to create PDF files, you can find information and directions on how to convert your file for free at the following sites: http://wheel.compose.cs.cmu.edu:8001/cgi-bin/browse/objweb http://cpdf.adobe.com/index.pl Send your manuscript as an e-mail attachment to Alan Biggs at PDEIC@scisoc.org. All submissions must include a cover letter in the text of the e-mail with the following information: Title of article Names, titles, affiliations, and mailing addresses of all authors. Please indicate the corresponding author and include telephone, fax, and e-mail address. Names and contact information of suggested reviewers A statement that all authors have reviewed the manuscript and approved its submission to Plant Disease. Authors will be contacted by the Senior Editor assigned to their manuscript when the initial review process is completed. Correspondence with authors will be by e-mail and/or conventional mail at the discretion of the Senior Editor. Electronic transmission of reviews may not be possible or desirable in all cases. When preparing final versions of revised manuscripts, the revised manuscripts, including publication-quality figures, should be prepared and forwarded to the Senior Editor in the traditional manner (diskette, hard copy, and publication-quality figures) as described in the section on “Preparing the Accepted Manuscript for Publication.?/P> For more information contact: Alan Biggs Editor-in-Chief, Plant Disease West Virginia University Tree Fruit Research and Education Center P.O. Box 609 Kearneysville, WV 25430-0609, USA E-mail: abiggs2@wvu.edu Telephone: +1.304.876.6353 Fax: +1.304.876.6034 or the Editorial Office at: E-mail: droeder@scisoc.org Telephone: +1.651.454.7250 Fax: +1.651.454.0766 Plant Disease 3340 Pilot Knob Road St. Paul, MN 55121-2097, USA The original copy for Features should be submitted to the Features editor (see Feature Articles). Disease Notes should be submitted in electronic format—disk or e-mail—directly to the Editorial Office (see Instructions for Authors of Disease Notes). An author receiving reviews and editorial recommendations for revision of a manuscript has 3 months to complete the revision and return the manuscript to the editor. Suggested revisions that substantially change the author’s intent or appear to be in error may be rebutted with a documented explanation in a cover letter to the editor when the revised manuscript is returned. Unless authors have permission from the senior editor for a brief delay in revision, manuscripts requiring more than 3 months for revision should be resubmitted as new manuscripts. For reports of new hosts or diseases caused by cultivable pathogens, including previously known diseases new to a country or region, provide completed proof of pathogenicity and identify the causal agent to species. Authors are encouraged to deposit voucher specimens and cultures in a recognized repository and to report the place of deposit. Page charges. Because of the high cost of publishing articles in Plant Disease, payment of page charges is mandatory. Page charges are subject to change without notice. Current charges are $50 per printed page for the first six pages and $80 for each page thereafter for members of The American Phytopathological Society and $130 per printed page for nonmembers, plus $20 per black-and-white figure or line drawing. Color charges are $1,300 for the first figure on the first page, $600 for the first figure on each additional page, and $200 for each additional figure on a page. The charge for Disease Notes is $50 for Society members and $80 for nonmembers. The author is billed after the article is printed in the journal. Research and New Diseases and Epidemics Articles. Consult these sections of current issues for arrangement of heads and subheads, etc. Follow the guidelines in the accompanying checklist. Feature Articles. A Feature article is a solicited or contributed narrative summarizing a significant topic in plant pathology for those who are not specialists in the narrative’s subject matter. Feature article manuscripts are peer reviewed in the same manner as research articles, but the nature of the narrative requires different criteria for judging suitability for publication. The format of a Feature article differs significantly from that of a research article, and authors are urged to contact the Feature editor before preparing a manuscript. All Feature article correspondence is with the Feature Editor. For more information contact: Ned A. Tisserat Plant Disease Feature Editor Kansas State University Plant Pathology Department Throckmorton Hall Manhattan, KS 66506, USA E-mail: tissne@plantpath.ksu.edu Telephone: +1.785.532.5810 Fax: +1.785.532.5692 Authors of Feature articles are not assessed page charges. However, color photographs and drawings are an essential aspect of Feature articles. A charge of $600 is assessed for use of color images. If a composite figure is to be constructed, the author should provide prints arranged and mounted on flexible material, not slides. Use of computer-generated color laser-print figures is discouraged. Special Reports. Significant communications relevant to the mission of the journal but inappropriate for other sections (e.g., techniques or specialized equipment, crop or commodity loss estimates, instructional or extension programs, and descriptions of computer simulations and expert systems) are published as Special Reports. Abstracts are optional. Computer software described in Special Reports or other sections of the journal must be in the public domain or available from a nonprofit organization. Special Reports are subject to peer review. If a computer application is the subject, submit electronic copies of the software and users?guide to the Editor-in-Chief. Interpretive Summaries. To make research published in our journals accessible to people outside the normal readership, Plant Disease publishes interpretive summaries online of articles appearing in the print journal. The intended audience includes farmers, certified crop advisors and pesticide applicators, agricultural chemical and seed dealers, county extension personnel, and scientists outside the discipline of plant pathology. Interpretive summaries are published in electronic format only, in the public-access area of APSnet. They point to the original article, so that readers who want more detailed information will have the citation to the original paper. An interpretive summary should be the same length as an abstract but differ in content. It should set out the question or problem being investigated and go on to state how the findings of the study can be used to answer the question or solve the problem. It can include a statement as to how the findings in the study help answer a broader question. An interpretive summary should be written in standard English and be comprehensible to readers without specialized knowledge of plant pathology. When submitting a manuscript for which you wish to include an interpretive summary, please include the summary with the rest of the manuscript. When the article is accepted for publication, a hard copy and electronic file of the interpretive summary should be included with the manuscript materials. Please see the section on “Preparing the Accepted Manuscript for Publication?for more complete instructions for final submission of a manuscript. Online article enhancements. APS offers cost-effective ?I>e-Xtra?options designed to enhance online articles. Authors may publish figures in color online that appear black-and-white in print ($20 per figure). Up to five external links from the online abstract to public databases, such as GenBank or other approved websites, will be provided free of charge (additional links at $5 per link). Supplemental materials, such as tables or figures, may be linked to the online abstract ($20 per supplement). Supplemental materials are subject to review and must be included in the original submission in PDF format. Accepted materials can be provided in MS Word, WordPerfect, MS Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, and .jpeg or .gif formats. Disease Notes online may contain up to two figures, provided in .jpeg format, with captions of up to 50 words ($20 per figure). Supplemental materials should not be referred to in the text. Scientific nomenclature and language. Scientific language—measurements, specialized vocabulary, and nomenclature—is always in flux. Nevertheless, a manuscript should be prepared such that there is internal consistency and attention is paid to current standards of usage. Where legitimate differences in language and nomenclature exist, the preferences of authors will be respected. Following is a brief survey of guidelines and references that authors can consult as they prepare their manuscripts, along with any APS Publications Board policies that may apply to usage (a quick guide to APS editorial style is provided below). The ASM Style Manual for Journals and Books (3) is the primary source consulted by APS for copyediting style, general scientific language, measurements, and standard abbreviations. For language and measurements not covered by ASM, the ACS Style Guide (10), Publications Handbook and Style Manual by ASA, CSA, and SSA (1), or Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (9) may be helpful. Abbreviations. Avoid nonstandard abbreviations in text. These may be used in tables (see below). Apparatus and materials. Names of unusual proprietary materials and special apparatus should be followed by the manufacturer’s name and address in parentheses (city and state [United States] or country). It is only necessary to cite these materials by specific name if the work cannot otherwise be replicated. Trade names may be used and should be capitalized; trademark symbols should not be used. Common names of plant diseases. For common names of plant diseases, the list developed by the APS Committee on Standardization of Common Names for Plant Diseases should be used. The Common Names of Plant Diseases (2) is available for purchase from APS in hard copy or disk form and can be found in the free public access section of APSnet. Chemistry terms. The ACS Style Guide (10) should be consulted for conventions in chemistry and biochemistry. The Merck Index (8) and Hawley’s Chemical Dictionary (19) are good sources for checking spellings of chemical terms. List fungicides and other pesticides by their approved common or generic names. Brand names and formulations should be included parenthetically when a pesticide is first mentioned. The current Farm Chemicals Handbook (4) and the most recent edition of Acceptable Common Names and Chemical Names for the Ingredient Statement on Pesticide Labels (11) are good sources. Use the chemical name if a common name is not available. Enzymes. Use the names recommended in the latest issue of Enzyme Nomenclature (15). Give the number of the enzyme at its first use (e.g., EC 1.1.75.6). Genetics. Follow ASM style (3) for gene designations. Rieger et al. (23), Stenesh (25), and King and Stansfield (17) are good specialized genetics and molecular biology dictionaries. Names of organisms. Scientific names should be included for all organisms that are subjects of the research. Use the scientific name of the principal host in the introduction and the abstract. Authorities for Latin binomials. Citation of authorities for Latin binomial names is optional but is appropriate for manuscripts dealing with taxonomy or nomenclature or for unfamiliar binomials. When used, authorities should be provided at first mention of the primary organisms discussed (hosts and pathogens). After first use of binomials, the name can be written by abbreviating the genus, e.g., P. cactorum. For trinomials, the name can be written by abbreviating the genus name and spelling out the specific epithet and subspecific epithet, e.g., P. graminis f. sp. tritici. Bacteria. Spell per Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (18) or the Approved List of Bacterial Names (24). Note that per Bergey’s style, groups below the level of subspecies should be italicized (this varies from ASM style). Where applicable, designate strains. Fungi. The preferred source for common and scientific names and authorities of fungi is Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States (12). Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi (14) is another good reference. Insects. Common Names of Insects and Related Organisms (6) can be used to verify insect names. Include scientific names for important insect vectors. Plants. Farr et al. (12) is a good source for spelling of common and scientific names. Other good sources are Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (30), Scientific and Common Names of 7,000 Vascular Plants in the United States (7), and The Plant-Book (20). Regional floras may be used. Use the term “cultivar?for agronomic and horticultural varieties. Identify the source of cultivars and include plant introduction (PI) numbers when appropriate. The name of a cultivar may be preceded by the abbreviation cv. or enclosed in single quotation marks. Viruses. Guidelines provided in the Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (29), as described by Mayo and Horzinek (22) and Van Regenmortel (28), will be followed. In formal taxonomic usage, virus family, subfamily, and genus should be capitalized and printed in italics. When used formally, the name of the taxon should precede the term for the taxonomic unit, e.g., the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Tospovirus. Formal use of a virus species name also should be printed in italics, with the first word and any subsequent proper noun capitalized, e.g., Wheat American striate mosaic virus. Generally, the designation of the taxonomic unit “species?need not precede the species name, e.g., Tomato spotted wilt virus need not be written as the species Tomato spotted wilt virus. The first use of a virus species name in a paper usually should be formal and, therefore, italicized with the first word capitalized. Subsequent reference to the same virus should be by the accepted acronym, which is not italicized, e.g., TSWV. Virus names written in tables should be written formally. The name of a tentative species whose taxonomic status is uncertain should not be written in italics, but its first word (and any proper nouns) should be capitalized. Software. Software used should be treated as a proprietary material or apparatus. Give the manufacturer or developer name in parentheses with location (city and state or country). Software such as that produced by SAS should not be cited in literature citations. Statistics. Describe statistical methods with enough detail to enable the reader to verify the reported results. Present results with an appropriate indication of variability or measurement error (e.g., a confidence interval). When means (or medians) are followed by ?x, indicate whether x refers to the standard deviation of error or half the confidence interval. Avoid exclusive reliance on hypothesis testing such as “significant or not significant at P = 0.05.?Instead, give the achieved significance level for statistical tests (e.g., F was significant at P = 0.03). Give details of randomization and blocking, as well as number of replicates, blocks, or observations. Clearly distinguish between true replications and subsamples within a replication-treatment combination. Always specify the experimental design and indicate whether the design was balanced. Do not refer to sampling as random unless it was done in a statistically acceptable random manner. For example, if plants within a plot were selected arbitrarily for disease assessment, do not refer to these as a random sample. Except for simple procedures (e.g., t tests), cite an appropriate and accessible statistical text and indicate the computer program used, if any. In general, statistical techniques should be described in the Materials and Methods section. When a quantitative factor (e.g., temperature) is studied, it often is desirable to use regression instead of analysis of variance. When analysis of variance is used for this type of factor, orthogonal polynomials are preferable to multiple comparisons. For qualitative factors (e.g., cultivar), multiple comparisons can be used, but the specific procedure should always be indicated. Do not confuse Duncan’s new multiple range test with the Waller-Duncan, Bayesian, or least significant difference test. Even when a multiple comparison procedure is used, it is desirable to specify one of the following: mean square error, standard error of the difference, or least significant difference value (with specified P). Whenever possible, researchers should consult a statistician before designing an experiment and when analyzing results. For more information see Johnson and Berger (16), Madden et al. (21), Swallow (26), and Gilligan (13). In informal vernacular use, the virus family, subfamily, and genus should be lowercase and not printed in italics. This generally does not apply to virus species names, because acronyms are applied after the first use, which is formal. The name of the taxon, if used, should follow the term for the taxonomic unit, e.g., the tospovirus genus. When used informally, the name of the taxon should not include the formal suffix, e.g., the bunyavirus family, not the bunyaviridae family. Usually, these constructions should simply be avoided, because they lead to unnecessary ambiguity. Formal taxonomic usage is preferred, particularly when the formal family and genus names have the same root terms, e.g., Bromoviridae and Bromovirus. Units of time. Day is never abbreviated. Week (wk), month (mo), and year (yr) are abbreviated only in tables. Second (s), minute (min), and hour (h) are abbreviated if preceded by a numeral. General editorial style. Most of the style guides mentioned have good discussions of English, grammar, and style. Other good general references are The Chicago Manual of Style (27) and Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (30). Literature cited. References should be called out in text by their numbers in the alphabetized reference list. Always cite the original source of publication, whether print or online. List references in alphabetic order by authors?surnames. When citing multiple works by the same author, list articles by one author before those by several authors. Determine the sequence by alphabetizing the first author’s and coauthors?surnames, by the year of publication (most recent last), and, if necessary, by the page numbers of articles published in the same journal. Italicize Latin binomials, capitalize German nouns, and insert diacritical marks as needed. List specific pages of books. Refer to the BIOSIS List of Serials (5) for accepted abbreviations of journal names. Check the accuracy of each citation and that each is cited in text. Only references generally available through libraries should be listed in Literature Cited. If work cited is in preparation, submitted but not accepted for publication, or not readily available in libraries, cite the work parenthetically only in text, e.g., (J. Jones, P. Marx, and W. Wiley, unpublished) or (J. Jones, personal communication). The author must include a letter from the source of a personal communication with the submitted manuscript that gives permission to use the information provided. Avoid excessive reference to unpublished information. Databases. Accession numbers cited from GenBank, EMBL, and other databases for primary nucleotide or amino acid sequence data should be referenced in text, not in Literature Cited. Provide accession numbers that are part of the research being presented as footnotes on the first page or in text. Online publications. For literature citations of publications available or referenced online that were originally published in traditional print form, the original printed version should be cited. Materials originally published online by established sources (the Senior Editor will make the assessment of the online source) should be cited as published online. Citation of online material should include author(s), date, title, publication name or sponsoring organization, and publication number or digital object identifier, if any, e.g., Nadeem, A. 1997. Title of article. Mol. Plant Pathol. Online, publication /1997/0612nadeem. Do not reference the electronic address or filename of the material, as electronic addresses and locations are frequently changed. If information used in text can be found online but is not from an established publication, it should be referenced in text as a personal communication (requiring the same verification from the authors as any other personal communication), e.g., (J. Jones, B. Myers, and P. Johnson, personal communication). Online software, programs, models, etc. that are used to analyze data should be cited in text by referencing the sponsoring organization and program, e.g., NIH Image is available online from the National Institutes of Health. Beginning in 1996, each article appearing in an APS journal has a unique publication number assigned to it. The APS journals have a policy of consistency between online and print versions. Changes to online versions will be made only as errata. These will appear at the end of the online article at the same time they appear in a printed issue. Tables. Cite tables in numeric order in the manuscript. Tables should be intelligible without reference to the text or another table. Do not repeat data in the text that are given in a table or figure. The title should summarize the information presented in the table without repeating the subheadings. Subheadings should be brief. Tables are used to present precise numerical data that show comparisons or interrelationships. The minimum number of columns is two. Lists should be incorporated into the text. Nonessential details should be omitted. Numbers should be rounded to significant digits. Ditto marks should not be used. Abbreviations are acceptable; explain any nonstandard abbreviations in footnotes. Footnotes are designated with superscript lowercase letters. Vertical and horizontal rules and bold type are not allowed in data fields. Figures. General. Each submitted illustration should be labeled with the figure number, author’s name, and Plant Disease; and an electronic version should be included in the PDF file prepared according to the “Guidelines for Preparation of Electronic Manuscript Submissions.?If the original figure is a hard copy, it must be scanned and converted into a PDF file. Captions should describe the contents so each illustration is understandable when considered apart from the text. Cite all figures in numeric order in the manuscript. Figures should be sized to fit one, two, or three columns (55, 117, or 178 mm wide). On figures, numbers and lettering should be in a 10-point sans serif type (Helvetica preferred) and bold; capitalize only the first word and proper nouns in each label. Panel designations—A, B, C, etc.—should be uppercase in an 18-point sans serif type that matches the font used for the rest of the labeling. Keep font sizes consistent among figures. Line drawings. Provide one print-quality version of each line drawing as original (e.g., laser print) artwork—preferably prepared for same-size reproduction. Affix index marks to ordinates and abscissae. Avoid too bold lettering, numbers, and lines for coordinate axes and curves. Graphs should be “boxed?with tic marks on left and right and top and bottom axes. Use solid black or white or hatch or stripe patterns in bar graphs (e.g., Fig. 1); shaded columns do not reproduce well, either becoming “muddy?and indistinguishable or fading to white. Use solid black or white rules and symbols, shaded or screened rules and symbols will not reproduce. Portions of a composite line drawing or graph should be provided as a single illustration.   Fig. 1  In figures, only standard symbols (boxes, circles, triangles) or other typographic elements should be used. If necessary, please provide a key to any symbols as part of the figure (e.g., Fig. 2). Only standard symbols can be reproduced in captions and may change in conversions.   Fig. 2  Photographs from negatives. Provide one set of original (directly from negatives) print-quality photographs for the printer. Photographs should have any labeling applied directly to the print; figures with extraneous labeling must be mounted securely and the labeling placed on the mounting material. Same-size reproduction photographs are preferred. Photographs should be cropped at right angles to show only essential details; scale bars should be inserted where necessary to indicate magnification. Prints should be clear and of high quality. Poor alignment, blurred lines, or out-of-focus letters and symbols are not acceptable. For composites, match photographs for similarity of contrast, background density, and subject content and arrange in a square or rectangle. Photographs in a composite should be mounted with the edges in contact; space between photographs will be inserted in printing. Any labeling should be set in from the outside edges and edges where space will be inserted to avoid being cut off in print. Color illustrations. Color figures may be used. The cost of color reproduction must be paid by the authors (see the Editorial Policies, Page Charges section of the Plant Disease board page for current costs). Color composite photographs must be mounted on flexible material and ready for reproduction. If color images are available only from digital files, provide images in .tif or .eps format saved in CMYK mode, with adequate resolution for print. One-column images must have a minimum of 675 pixels in width, two-column images a minimum of 1350 pixels, and three-column a minimum of 2100 pixels. A color proof should be supplied, but due to variance in monitors and visible color ranges, only SWOP-approved proofs can be matched on press. Use of computer-generated color laser-print figures is discouraged. If you have questions on submission of these images please contact Patti Ek at pek@scisoc.org. Photographs from digital image files. Although APS prefers high-quality photographic prints from negatives, Plant Disease will accept digital image files of photographs. Digital files must conform to the following specifications. Files must be saved in .tif, .eps, or .jpg format for IBM PC or in .tiff, .pict, .jpeg, or .eps format for Macintosh. Do not submit image files generated with “office suite?programs, such as PowerPoint and Excel, or images embedded in office suite applications, e.g., word-processing documents. Although images may appear to be of suitable quality on screen, they result in low-resolution images that cannot be imaged though high-quality output devices. Image resolution must be 300 pixels per inch (ppi) at the final printed image size. If the final printed image size is unknown, size the image at a larger than final print size, maintaining a 300 ppi resolution, and APS will downsample the image to fit the final print dimensions (to maintain quality, APS cannot enlarge a digitized image). Black-and-white images must be saved as grayscale images. Acceptable storage media include zip and CD-Rom. The storage medium will NOT be returned to the author. Image files must be properly named and include the appropriate file extension. The storage medium must be labeled with file names, journal, manuscript number, first author’s name, computer platform, and file extension, e.g., Figs. 1, 2, 3, Plant Disease #2222, Zayas, IBM PC, .tif files. A high-quality, camera-ready hard copy version of each image is required, including figure and manuscript numbers and author information. Hard copy quality should be acceptable to the author, because it may have to be used for reproduction. APS will attempt to obtain print-quality images from submitted files, but if the digital image is unusable, the supplied hard copy version will be used instead. Please note: If publication-quality prints or digital image files are not supplied when the manuscript is accepted, the hard copy version will be used. Because of the wide variance in software, scanners, and monitors, APS urges that electronic images be submitted only by authors experienced in electronic image processing. Unusable files may result in delays in publication. If you have questions please contact Patti Ek by e-mail at pek@scisoc.org. Responding to Senior Editors. After a manuscript has been reviewed and returned to the author for revision by the Senior Editor, the author should make the required changes and prepare the manuscript for electronic processing. In a cover letter, the author should explain how major criticisms were dealt with and, if any criticisms were not accepted, why. Provide a detailed explanation. If a manuscript is rejected, and the author believes the reviewers or Senior Editor have misinterpreted the work, the author has the right to appeal the rejection in writing, first to the Senior Editor, then to the Editor-in-Chief. Preparing the Accepted Manuscript for Publication. Accepted manuscripts being returned for final processing should be submitted for publication on a 1.4-MB PC or Macintosh disk, zip disk, or CD-Rom disk. Include a letter-quality printout of the manuscript and a disk containing the corresponding file of the final version of the text, figure captions, and tables and a file containing the interpretive summary, if submitted. Prepare tables in a table format with one data field per cell or separate data fields with tabs (not spaces). Figures and tables should not be inserted as frames into manuscripts. Publication-quality hard copies of figures should be included, and electronic copies may be included as described earlier. The files should be saved as a Microsoft Word (preferred) or WordPerfect document or in Rich Text format (.rtf). Articles that cannot be saved as Microsoft Word or WordPerfect documents or in Rich Text format can be submitted as ASCII files (Text Only format). Please include a version of the file saved in your native word processing application as well as in an ASCII format (Text Only or Text Only with Line Breaks). We cannot accept PDF files. When saving the file, omit any line numbering. Label the disk with the document’s complete file name. Also, indicate the format as either PC or Macintosh and as Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, Rich Text, or ASCII (Text Only or Text Only with Line Breaks). No other preparation is required. Disks cannot be returned. Instructions for Authors of Disease Notes. Disease Notes are submitted to the Plant Disease Editorial Office on disk or by e-mail and are assigned to reviewers and senior editors by the Disease Notes Assigning Editor. To the extent possible, the entire review and editing process is handled electronically. When practical, authors will receive galleys by fax; if not, galleys will be sent by normal mail. Notes should be prepared and submitted according to the following guidelines. Content. Disease Notes are intended to encourage early reporting of significant outbreaks or changes in geographic location of diseases, new hosts, or new physiological races of pathogens. The main objectives are (i) to provide a repository for observations of the sort important to diagnosticians, field advisers, and researchers; and (ii) to encourage condensed reporting of disease observations. Disease Notes are intended to stand alone, not to serve as preliminary reports of work that will later be presented in full-length papers. Also, Disease Notes must not duplicate the content of published abstracts or those submitted for publication. First reports of new diseases, i.e., a new pathogen on a new host, generally should be presented as full manuscripts rather than as Notes. The title of the Note should include the disease, pathogen (scientific name), host (common name if well known, otherwise scientific name), and location. The author line should have initials before surnames, followed by institution(s). The text should state observations, including general methods but omitting tables, illustrations, footnotes, and acknowledgments. The scientific name of the host should be included if it is not used in the title. Authors should include a complete description of symptoms, the host plant cultivar (when appropriate), the month and year when the disease was observed, and the geographical location of sample collections. A brief interpretation, prognostication, or statement of implications is encouraged. Proof of pathogenicity (or correlative evidence for pathogenicity of noncultivable organisms, viruses, viroids, and abiotic agents) is normally required for reports of new diseases and hosts. Generally, it is not necessary to include detailed procedures for pathogenicity tests, but the inoculum concentration, method of inoculation, number of plants inoculated, and number of symptomatic plants should be stated. For noncultivable organisms, the presence of the pathogen in symptomatic tissue must be confirmed by at least two appropriate independent methods. Length. Disease Notes should not exceed 1,583 characters, including title, authors, all publication information, and references. Authors should verify the length of Notes before submission. Authors may elect to increase the length of a Note up to twice the standard length, but the printing charge will be doubled. There will be no pro rata charges for increased length; authors will be charged for one (if length is 1,583 characters or fewer) or two (if length exceeds 1,583 characters) blocks of text. Notes shall not exceed two blocks (3,263 characters). References. Notes of standard length shall have no more than two references. Extended Notes shall have no more than four references. References must be published journal articles or material from books (no proceedings or “in press?material). To cite online publications, see Online publication section. List citations in alphabetic order by authors?surnames and cite in text by number. References should be listed by author initial and surname (if more than two authors, list first author followed by et al.), followed by journal name, volume number, first page number of article, and year of publication, respectively. Significance. The significance of the report should be clearly stated within the body of the Note. Initial reviews. Authors are strongly encouraged to have their Notes critically reviewed by colleagues prior to submission. Method of submission. Authors should submit Notes in electronic format to: on disk: Editorial Office Plant Disease The American Phytopathological Society 3340 Pilot Knob Road St. Paul, MN 55121-2097, USA by e-mail: pubdept@scisoc.org If submitted on disk, the Note should be saved as a Microsoft Word (preferred) or WordPerfect document or in Rich Text format (.rtf). Articles that cannot be saved in these formats can be submitted in ASCII format (Text Only or Text Only with Line Breaks). Disks must be either PC or Macintosh 1.4 MB disks. Disks must be clearly labeled with the author’s name, file name and format, and type of disk. Include a paper printout of the file. Notes received only in printed form will be input and proofed, delaying processing. Authors should indicate their e-mail address and fax number so the reviewed note can be promptly returned by the Senior Editor. E-mail addresses should be clearly indicated to avoid confusion (e.g., the lowercase “L?and the number ??. If authors cannot be reached by e-mail or fax, Notes will be returned by conventional mail, slowing processing. Responding to the Senior Editor. Authors should make any suggested changes in the Note and return it to the Senior Editor by e-mail or on disk, fully formatted with italics, subscripts, etc. Disks must be PC or Macintosh 1.4 MB disks, clearly labeled with the author’s name, the file name and format, and type of disk. A paper printout of the file should be included with the disk. The revised Note will be reviewed by the senior editor and, if judged acceptable for publication, will be forwarded by e-mail or on disk to the Editorial Office. A staff editor will copyedit the Note and prepare a galley page with any queries. The galley will be faxed (preferred) or mailed to the author. Disks will not be returned to authors. Direct inquiries to: jkuhn@scisoc.org Telephone: +1.651.454.7250 Fax: +1.651.454.0766 Plant Disease Notes 3340 Pilot Knob Road St. Paul, MN 55121-2097, USA LITERATURE CITED ASA, CSA, and SSA. 1988. Publications Handbook and Style Manual. ASA, CSA, and SSA, Madison, WI. American Phytopathological Society Committee on the Standardization of Common Names for Plant Diseases. 1994. Common Names for Plant Diseases. APS, St. Paul, MN. American Society for Microbiology. 1991. ASM Manual for Journals and Books. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. Anonymous. (Current) Farm Chemicals Handbook. Meister Publishing Co., Willoughby, OH. BIOSIS. (Current) Serial Sources for the BIOSIS database. BIOSIS, Philadelphia, PA. Bosik, J. J., ed. 1997. Common Names of Insects and Related Organisms. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. Brako, L., Rossman, A. Y., and Farr, D. F. 1995. Scientific and Common Names of 7,000 Vascular Plants in the United States. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Budavari, S. 1989. The Merck Index. 11th ed. Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ. CBE Style Manual Committee. 1994. Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. 6th ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Dodd, J. S., ed. 1986. The ACS Style Guide. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticide Regulation Division. (Current) Acceptable Common Names and Chemical Names for the ingredient Statement on Pesticide Labels. EPA, Washington, DC. Farr, D. A., Bills, G. F., Chamuris, G. P., and Rossman, A. Y. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Gilligan, C. A. 1986. Use and misuse of the analysis of variance in plant pathology. Pages 225-261 in: Advances in Plant Pathology, vol. 5. Academic Press, New York. Hawksworth, D. L., Kirk, P. M., Sutton, B. C., and Pegler, D. N. 1995. Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 8th ed. CAB International, Wallingford. International Union of Biochemistry. 1984. Enzyme Nomenclature 1984. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL. Johnson, S. B., and Berger, R. D. 1982. On the status of statistics in phytopathology. Phytopathology 72:1014-1015. King, R. C., and Stansfield, W. D. 1997. A Dictionary of Genetics. 5th ed. Oxford University Press, New York. Krieg, N. R., and Holt, J. G., eds. 1984. Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology. Vol. 1. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. Lewis, R. J., Sr. 1993. Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York. Mabberley, D. J. 1987. The Plant-Book. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Madden, L. V., Knoke, J. K., and Louie, R. 1982. Considerations for the use of multiple comparison procedures in phytopathological investigations. Phytopathology 72:1015-1017. Mayo, M. A., and Horzinek, M. 1998. A revised version of the international code of virus classification and nomenclature. Arch. Virol. 143:1645-1654. Rieger, R., Michaelis, A., and Green, M. M. 1991. Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular. 5th ed. Springer-Verlag, New York. Skerman, V. B. D., McGowan, V., and Sneath, P. H. A., eds. 1980. Approved Lists of Approved Bacterial Names. 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. Stenesh, J. 1989. Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, New York. Swallow, W. H. 1984. Those overworked and oft-misused mean separation procedures—Duncan’s, LSD, etc. Plant Dis. 68:919-921. University of Chicago Press. 1993. The Chicago Manual of Style. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. 1999. How to write the names of virus species. Arch. Virol. 144:1041-1042. Van Regenmortel, M. H. V., Fauquet, C. M., Bishop, D. H. L., Carstens, E., Estes, M., Lemon, S., McGeoch, D., Wickner, R. B., Mayo, M. A., Pringle, C. R., and Maniloff, J. 1999. Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, New York. Webster’s 10th New Collegiate Dictionary. 1994. Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA. Checklist for Papers Submitted to Plant Disease Content Significance and originality of work are shown. Reproducibility of results is illustrated. Objectives are clearly stated in introduction. Introduction includes a succinct evaluation of the topic, including all relevant literature citations. Experimental design and methodology are fully explained. Proper and sufficient analyses are conducted (review by qualified statistician before submission is encouraged). Discussion relates work to other published material and addresses strengths and weaknesses of research. Major conclusions are supported by results from repeated experiments. Manuscripts are reviewed critically before submission. Format Line-numbered paper 8 1/2 ?11 inches, double-spaced (including tables and figures). Typescript is 12 point. First author name, page number, and Plant Disease on the bottom of each page. Tables on numbered pages after literature cited section. Captions for figures on a separate numbered page follow tables. Figures. Each illustration is labeled with the figure number, first author’s name, and Plant Disease. Title. Does not exceed 100 characters and spaces. Includes host, pathogen or disease, and phenomenon, as appropriate. (Do not use both common and scientific names for organisms in the title. Author name(s), affiliations (author titles optional), and addresses given in a separate paragraph. Corresponding author name, E-mail address, and Accession numbers (if needed) given before the abstract. Abstract. Begins with reference line. Limited to 200 words in one paragraph. Additional keywords. Words or phrases that are not in the title or abstract but are in the text and would be useful in index retrieval systems are listed in alphabetical order. Organization of text. Major sections after the introductory statements are: Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, and Literature Cited. (General techniques and methods are best described in Materials and Methods; brief descriptions of experiments and trials may be given in Results. Subheadings may be used, but avoid excessive fragmentation of the text. Footnotes to the text are not permitted.) Acknowledgments and disclaimers are provided after the text. Literature citations. References listed in alphabetical order by authors?surnames. Citations in text given by number. Figures are "boxed." First letter of first word of axis is capitalized. Figures are prepared for same-size reproductions (55, 117, or 178 mm). Consistent style and sizing is used for all figures. Supporting material Cover letter supplying the name of the corresponding author with address, phone number, fax number, and E-mail address. Include a statement that all authors have reviewed the manuscript and approved its submission to Plant Disease. Copy of first page or letter of acceptance provided for all “in press?citations. Copies of personal communication verification provided. Permission granted for copyrighted material. Voucher cultures and specimens deposited in recognized collections. Accession numbers obtained for nucleotide sequences. Cover letter provides names and addresses of potential reviewers or request with justification that certain reviewers not be used. Interpretive summary optional but encouraged. Limited to 200 words in one paragraph. Quick Guide to APS Editorial Style (see text of Instructions for more complete references) Numbers Numerals for measurements, including ad hoc measurements such as drops, wells. Commas in numbers of 4 digits or more (except for digits used as designations). Zero in front of decimal points. In lists where one item is multidigit, use numerals throughout. Spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence (if number is spelled out, unit of measure also should be spelled out). -fold: threefold, manyfold, 10-fold. Ranges: use "to" rather than "?" except in tables. Measurements (See ASM for details) Use units of the Système International d'Unités (SI units). Do not abbreviate measurements in titles. Time: second (s), minute (min), hour (h), day (day), week, month, year. liter (spell out), but ml, µl, etc. Use the degree symbol with temperature (70°C). Binomials and trinomials All taxa are italicized. In trinomials, always spell out species, e.g., X. campestris pv. campestris. Molecular weight and Daltons Correct: The molecular weight of protein x is 54,000. The molecular mass of protein x is 54,000 Da [or 54 kDa]. Incorrect: The molecular weight of protein x is 54,000 Da [or 54 kDa]. Enumeration Use (i), (ii), (iii), (iv). Prefixes and suffixes Generally should be closed up (e.g., postinfection, loopsful), even in nonstandard constructions; see dictionary or style manuals for exceptions. Compound words When two words are used as adjectives preceding a noun, as a rule they are hyphenated. If uncertain, consult the dictionary (30) or style manuals. Abbreviations Consult ASM (2), ACS (10), and the short list below for the standard abbreviations for common terms. Authors may coin abbreviations. Limit the use of coined abbreviations to terms used frequently and unusually long terms. Spell out the term and place the abbreviation in parentheses at first use; use the abbreviation after that. Problem abbreviations and terms aa--amino acids Carborundum--capitalize Casamino Acids Celite CFU--colony-forming units, do not spell out if preceded by a numeral cheesecloth--one word chi-square test or _ 2 cis, trans--italicize cM--centimorgan, spell out at first use Coomassie brilliant blue df--degrees of freedom, do not spell out if preceded by a numeral et al., not et al. GLM--general linear model gram negative, gram positive Gram stain LB broth--Luria-Bertani broth LR white resin MAb--monoclonal antibody P--probability, do not spell out Parafilm--capitalize phytoplasma, not MLO or mycoplasmalike organism potato dextrose agar, no hyphen ppm--parts per million R(f)--retardation factor V8 juice agar--no hyphen Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Alan R. Biggs West Virginia University Telephone: +1.304.876.6353 Tree Fruit Research and Fax: +1.304.876.6034     Education Center E-mail: abiggs2@wvu.edu P.O. Box 609 Kearneysville, WV 25430-0609 Senior Editors Kira L. Bowen Auburn University Telephone: +1.334.844.1953 Entomology & Plant Fax: +1.334.844.1947     Pathology Department E-mail: kbowen@acesag.auburn.edu 209 Life Sciences Building Auburn, AL 36849-5409 Patrick D. Colyer Louisiana State University Telephone: +1.318.741.7430 Red River Research Station Fax: +1.318.741.7433 P.O. Box 8550 E-mail: pcolyer@agctr.lsu.edu Bossier City, LA 71113-8550 Leslie L. Domier USDA ARS Telephone: +1.217.333.0510 University of Illinois  Fax: +1.217.333.5251 Crop Science Department E-mail: l-domier@uiuc.edu 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue Urbana, IL 61801 Mark L. Gleason Iowa State University Telephone: +1.515.294.0579 Department of Plant Pathology Fax: +1.515.294.9420 351 Bessey Hall E-mail: mgleason@iastate.edu Ames, IA 50011-1020 Thomas C. Harrington Iowa State University Telephone: +1.515.294.0582 Plant Pathology Department Fax: +1.515.294.9420 351 Bessey Hall E-mail: tcharrin@iastate.edu Ames, IA 50011-1020 Mary K. Hausbeck Michigan State University Telephone: +1.517.355.4534 Botany & Plant Pathology Dept. Fax: +1.517.353.1926 140 Plant Biology Lab E-mail: hausbec1@pilot.msu.edu East Lansing, MI 48824-1312 Peter J. Landschoot Pennsylvania State University Telephone: +1.814.863.1017 Agronomy Department Fax: +1.814.863.7043 116 Agric Science & Ind. Bldg. E-mail: PJL1@psu.edu University Park, PA 16802-3504 Ching-Hsing Liao USDA ARS Telephone: +1.215.233.6471 600 E. Mermaid Lane Fax: +1.215.233.6559 Eastern Regional Research Ctr. E-mail: cliao@arserrc.gov Wyndmoor, PA 19038-8551 Gary P. Munkvold Pioneer Hi-Bred Int. Telephone: +1.515.253.2116 7301 NW 62nd Avenue Fax: +1.515.253.2125 P.O. Box 85 E-mail: Johnston, IA 50131-0085     gary.munkvold@pioneer.com John C. Rupe University of Arkansas Telephone: +1.501.575.2778 Plant Pathology Department Fax: +1.501.575.7601 217 Plant Science Building E-mail: jrupe@uark.edu Fayetteville, AR 72701 Dallas Seifers Kansas State University Telephone: +1.785.625.3425 1232 - 240th Avenue Fax: +1.785.623.4369 Hays, KS 67601 E-mail: dseifers@ksu.edu Katherine L. Stevenson University of Georgia Telephone: +1.706.542.1239 Plant Pathology Department Fax: +1.706.542.1262 Miller Plant Sci. Rm. 4311 E-mail: ks@arches.uga.edu Athens, GA 30602-7274 Feature Editor Ned A. Tisserat Kansas State University Telephone: +1.785.532.5810 Plant Pathology Department Fax: +1.785.532.5692 Throckmorton Hall E-mail: tissne@plantpath.ksu.edu Manhattan, KS 66506 Disease Notes Assigning Editor Anthony P. Keinath Clemson University Telephone: +1.843.766.3761 Coastal R&E Center Fax: +1.843.571.4654 2865 Savannah Hwy. E-mail: tknth@clemson.edu Charleston, SC 29414-5332 Focus Editor Thor Kommedahl University of Minnesota Telephone: +1.612.625.3164 495 Borlaug Hall - Plant Path. Dept. Fax: +1.612.625.9728 1991 Upper Buford Circle E-mail: thork@umn.edu St. Paul, MN 55108-6030