期刊名称：PHYTOPATHOLOGY ISSN： 0031-949X 版本： SCI-CDE 出版频率： Monthly 出版社： AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC, 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, USA, MN, 55121   出版社网址： http://www.apsnet.org/ 期刊网址： http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/phyto 影响因子： 4.025 主题范畴： PLANT SCIENCES 期刊简介(About the journal)    投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)    编辑部信息(Editorial Board)    About the journal Phytopathology Phytopathology is the premier international journal of fundamental research regarding plant diseases, the agents that cause them, their spread, the losses they cause, and measures to control them. Subject areas include analytical and theoretical plant pathology, bacteriology, biochemistry and cell biology, biological control, disease control and pest management, ecology and population biology, epidemiology, etiology, genetics and resistance, mycology, nematology, plant stress and abiotic disorders, postharvest pathology and mycotoxins, techniques, and virology. In addition to research articles, mini-reviews provide up-to-date summaries of recent advances, and letters to the editor provide a forum for ideas and concepts that impact our understanding of plant pathology. Phytopathology is an official publication of The American Phytopathological Society. Instructions to Authors General Publication Policies Manuscripts may be submitted for consideration of publication in Phytopathology by members of The American Phytopathological Society and by nonmembers. Membership in the Society is not a prerequisite for publication in the journal, but page charges are higher for nonmembers than for members. Submission of manuscripts. Submit manuscripts electronically, following closely the directions given below. Manuscripts will be assigned to an appropriate Senior Editor, who will solicit reviews and make a decision regarding suitability of the submission for publication. Authors are encouraged to include with revised manuscripts illustrations (photographs, drawings, or diagrams) from an article or related to an article that they would like to have considered for the cover of the journal. Such figures should be labeled and include a caption. Content. Contributions should fall into the following categories: (i) Original research on some aspect of plant pathology. (ii) Mini-Reviews: Short reviews of contemporary concepts or developments in the field of plant pathology. Mini-reviews should be discussed with the editor-in-chief prior to submission. (iii) Letters to the Editor: Explain, amplify, or otherwise comment on research published in the journal or elsewhere. The Editorial Board reserves the right to reject or publish letters of rebuttal when appropriate. (iv) Obituaries. Original research papers, Mini-Reviews, and Letters to the Editor are all subject to the review policies of the journal. The emphasis in Phytopathology is on research that advances understanding of the nature of plant diseases, the agents that cause them, their spread, the losses they cause, and measures that can be used to control them. Manuscripts should fit into one of the sections of the journal, which are listed below. Subjects appropriate for the journal include (but are not limited to): cell, molecular, and population biology of plant pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, parasitic plants); biology of biocontrol agents and pathogen vectors; cell, molecular, and population biology of plant-pathogen interactions; physiology and biochemistry of plant-pathogen interactions; plant and pathogen genetics; plant disease resistance; ecology, modeling, and epidemiology of diseases; disease etiology; disease control and pest management; and plant stress and abiotic disorders. Acceptance depends on the originality of the work, soundness of organization of the manuscript, reliability of the methods in terms of their adequacy to support conclusions, clarity of presentation, validity of the reasoning in deriving the conclusions, and the possibility of alternative interpretations. Authors should display an awareness of previously published information on the same subject and relate their findings to it. Appropriate statistical analyses should be included. In general, an article in which the conclusions are based on unrepeated experiments is unacceptable. Page charges. Because of the high cost of publishing articles in Phytopathology, payment of page charges is mandatory. Page charges are subject to change without notice. Current charges are $50 per printed page for the first six pages and $80 per printed page for each additional page for members of The American Phytopathological Society and $130 per printed page for nonmembers, plus $20 per figure. Cost of color: one page of color containing one figure, $1,300; each additional page of color containing one figure each, $600; each additional figure on any one page, $200. The author is billed after the article is printed in the journal. INSTRUCTIONS FOR INITIAL SUBMISSION The American Phytopathological Society publishes three journals, each with a prescribed scope that should be considered in determining the most appropriate journal for a manuscript. A description of the emphasis of Phytopathology can be found in the ¡°General Publication Policies¡± found in the front of each issue of the journal. Articles that relate primarily to the solution of specific disease problems are more appropriate for an applied journal. Manuscripts must be submitted according to the new Guidelines for Electronic Manuscript Submission starting January 1, 2003. All manuscripts submitted as hard copies after January 1, 2003, will receive an e-mail message with a copy of the new Guide, requesting electronic submission. All manuscripts should be submitted as Portable Document Format (PDF) files. Manuscripts submitted in file formats other than PDF will be returned to the authors. The use of PDF files will be limited to the initial submission and review process. Guidelines for Electronic Manuscript Submission We ask that you submit your manuscript in PDF format according to the following directions: Prepare your text, tables, and figures (double-spaced, line-numbered paper). Combine all parts of the manuscript in one Word or WordPerfect file in the following order: text, tables, figure captions, and figures. Convert your file to PDF format. (If the original figure is a hard copy, it must be scanned and converted to a PDF file.) The easiest way to do this is with Adobe Acrobat software. If you do not currently have the software to create PDF files, you can find information and directions on how to convert your file for free at the following sites: http://wheel.compose.cs.cmu.edu:8001/cgi-bin/browse/objweb http://cpdf.adobe.com/index.pl Send your manuscript as an e-mail attachment to Ina Pfefer at phytosubmission@scisoc.org. All submissions must include a cover letter in the text of the e-mail with the following information: Title of article Name, title, affiliation, and mailing address of all authors. Please indicate the corresponding author and include phone number, fax number, and e-mail address Names and e-mail addresses of suggested reviewers and justification why certain reviewers not be used A statement that all authors have reviewed the manuscript, approved its submission, and accept Phytopathology¡¯s authorship policy A copy of the manuscript abstract Manuscripts will be assigned to an appropriate Senior Editor by the Editor-in-Chief. Authors will be notified of this assignment by e-mail and will be contacted by the Senior Editor when the initial review process is completed. Correspondence with authors will be by e-mail and/or conventional mail at the discretion of the Senior Editor. The revised final manuscript, including publication-quality figures, should be prepared and forwarded to the Senior Editor in the traditional manner (diskette, hard copy, and publication-quality figures) as described in the section on ¡°INSTRUCTIONS FOR FINAL SUBMISSION.¡± Submission implies nonsubmission elsewhere and (if accepted) no publication elsewhere in the same form without consent. Authors can facilitate review and processing of their manuscripts by reading this guide carefully and completing the checklist at the end of these Instructions for Authors before they submit their papers. For more information contact the Editor-in-Chief: Christopher C. Mundt Department of Botany and Plant Pathology 2082 Cordley Hall, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331-2902 USA E-mail: mundtc@science.oregonstate.edu Telephone: +1.541.737.5256 Fax: +1.541.737.3573 or the Editorial Office at: Phytopathology 3340 Pilot Knob Road St. Paul, MN 55121-2097 USA E-mail: ipfefer@scisoc.org Telephone: +1.651.994.3869 Fax: +1.651.454.0766 Appropriateness for Phytopathology Authors should look at past issues of Phytopathology to verify that a paper is appropriate for the journal. Research manuscripts should fit into one of the sections of the journal: Analytical and Theoretical Plant Pathology, Bacteriology, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biological Control, Disease Control and Pest Management, Population Biology, Ecology and Epidemiology, Etiology, Genetics and Resistance, Mycology, Nematology, Plant Stress and Abiotic Disorders, Postharvest Pathology and Mycotoxins, Techniques, and Virology. Subject matter is not a criterion for judging the merit of an article for publication in Phytopathology, though it is the author¡¯s duty to establish relevance to the science of plant pathology. Distinctions will be made between what is routine and what is significant. The author should make a clear case for the significance of the work in the article. The emphasis in Phytopathology is on research that advances understanding of the nature of plant diseases, the agents that cause them, their spread, the losses they cause, and the measures that can be used to control them. Reports of disease occurrence, of enzyme production in vitro, of routine pesticide tests, of routine amino acid analyses, etc., are examples of work that may be unacceptable unless the author relates it directly to new concepts or to a more general in-depth understanding of plant disease. Authors should display an awareness of previously published information on the same subject and relate their findings to it¡ªfailure to do so is grounds for rejection of a manuscript. Papers that solely report complete or partial nucleotide sequences are not acceptable for publication unless they relate structure to function or demonstrate how the sequence information may advance our understanding of the biology of the pathogen. Methods-type probe and marker papers should meet one of the following criteria: (i) A report of new techniques or modifications that significantly enhance current techniques or the application of these methods, or (ii) the use of techniques to investigate interesting biological questions that contribute to the basic concepts and understanding of plant pathology. Studies of pathogen population biology should address an original question or hypothesis. In general, studies that describe pathogen diversity or population structure are not acceptable unless they also address a biological question that advances our conceptual knowledge of pathogen population biology. In addition, as much care should be given to the development and description of an appropriate pathogen sampling scheme as is given to the subsequent procurement and analysis of marker data. However, sampling deficiencies beyond the control of the author will be acceptable in some cases, e.g., when conducting analyses of historical isolate collections. Papers dealing mainly with taxonomy, such as descriptions of new taxa, should generally be submitted to a taxonomic journal. Taxonomic papers that deal with classification, identification, and nomenclature below the subspecies level may be submitted to Phytopathology. Authors are encouraged to contact any of the Senior Editors prior to submission of a manuscript to receive clarification concerning the suitability of their manuscript for publication in Phytopathology. Names and e-mail addresses of the Senior Editors can be found on the editorial board page. The subject area responsibilities for the Senior Editors are as follows: James C. Correll: biology, genetics, and molecular biology of fungal pathogens, population biology; Michael J. Davis: fastidious prokaryotic plant pathogens, general phytobacteriology, serological and molecular methods for detection of bacterial plant pathogens, sugarcane pathology, tropical fruit pathology; Scott E. Gold: fungal molecular biology, molecular fungal pathogen-plant interactions, fungal genetics; Linda L. Kinkel: microbial ecology, quantitative population biology, and biological control; Robert P. Larkin: soilborne plant pathogens, soil microbiology, biological and cultural control, ecology and quantitative epidemiology of soilborne fungi; Frank N. Martin: soilborne fungal plant pathogens, oomycete genetics, population biology, phylogeny, biological control; Peter V. Oudemans: population and quantitative genetics of fungi, resistance breeding, pathogen biology and ecology, remote sensing; Bonnie H. Ownley: biological control and integrated management of soilborne fungi, rhizosphere ecology; Harald Scherm: ecology and epidemiology, disease management; Sally M. Schneider: nematology, integrated pest management, site-specific management, modeling; Herman Scholthof: RNA viruses, virus replication and movement, virus-host interactions; Drake C. Stenger: DNA and RNA viruses, virus diseases, virus evolution, virus population biology, virus-vector interactions, virus-host interactions; and Jeffrey P. Wilson: host plant resistance, genetics of resistance. Authors are encouraged to have colleagues review a manuscript before submitting it for publication. Senior Editors may find the content of a submitted paper unsuitable for Phytopathology and return the paper to the author without review. Each manuscript receives two simultaneous reviews. Authors may recommend individuals to review a manuscript, and they also may ask that certain individuals not review a manuscript. Reasons for requesting exclusions should be given in the cover letter. Additional authorities are consulted as necessary to confirm the scientific merit of any part or all of a manuscript, with due consideration for prepublication confidentiality. Each reviewer makes a specific recommendation to the Senior Editor for the manuscript, based on the following applicable aspects: Importance of the research Originality of the work Analysis of previous literature Appropriateness of the approach and experimental design Adequacy of experimental techniques Soundness of conclusions and interpretations Relevance of discussion Clarity of presentation and organization of the article Demonstration of reproducibility Symposia Symposia from an APS annual meeting may be published in Phytopathology subject to the review process and to the policies, procedures, and charges applicable to other articles. It is the responsibility of the chair of the committee sponsoring the symposium to contact the Editor-in-Chief before the symposium is presented. Mini-Reviews Mini-Reviews are submitted by authors who wish to provide an incisive examination of the latest advances in a topic relevant to plant pathology. They provide a survey of the development of a subject, with an emphasis on the previous 5 years. Unlike basic research articles for Phytopathology, whose primary audience is specialists in the field, Mini-Reviews should also be written for nonspecialist scientists and advanced students. If you are interested in submitting a Mini-Review, you should discuss the topic with the Editor-in-Chief before you begin to write. Analytical and Theoretical Papers The Analytical and Theoretical Plant Pathology section publishes research articles that use analytical, computational, and synthetic approaches to provide new insights into an aspect of plant pathology. Reported findings should significantly improve our understanding of plant diseases and be corroborated by empirical information, when appropriate. Manuscripts may have the following section format: Introduction (no title), Theory and Approaches, Results, and Discussion. The section of Theory and Approaches describes theories, methods, and materials (if any) used in the study. Online Article Enhancements APS offers authors cost-effective ¡°e-Xtra¡± options designed to enhance the usefulness of the online versions of articles. Authors may publish figures in color online that appear in black and white in print ($20 per figure). Up to five external links to public databases, such as GenBank, TreeBASE, or other approved websites, will be provided free of charge (additional links at $5 per link) and linked to the online abstract. Authors should submit links with their articles for review. Supplemental materials, such as additional tables or figures, may be linked to the online abstract ($20 per supplement). e-Xtra materials are subject to review and will be accepted in the following formats: MS Word, WordPerfect, MS Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, and .jpeg or .gif formats. Supplemental materials should not be referred to in the text of the article. See submission instructions for all online options. Authorship Those who submit papers to Phytopathology should respect the value of the research of their peers by not devaluing authorship. Each author should have made a substantial intellectual contribution to the design, conduct, analysis, or interpretation of the study. Each author must approve the final version of the article to be published, and be willing to take public responsibility for their contribution to the paper. In addition, the first author and the corresponding author are expected to be able to take public responsibility for the entire paper. PREPARING A MANUSCRIPT Scientific Nomenclature and Language Scientific language¡ªmeasurements, specialized vocabulary, and nomenclature¡ªis always in flux. Nevertheless, a manuscript should be prepared such that there is internal consistency and attention is paid to current standards of usage. Where legitimate differences in language and nomenclature exist, the preferences of authors will be respected. Following is a brief survey of guidelines and references that authors can consult as they prepare their manuscripts, along with any APS Publications Board policies that may apply to usage (a quick guide to APS editorial style is provided below). The ASM Style Manual for Journals and Books (2) is the primary source consulted by APS for copyediting style, general scientific language, measurements, and standard abbreviations. For scientific language and measurements not covered in ASM, the ACS Style Guide (8) or ASA, CSA, and SSA Publications Handbook and Style Manual (4) may be helpful. Although APS publications do not generally follow it for copyediting style, Scientific Style and Format (7) issued by the Council of Biology Editors provides an excellent background on the origins of scientific terms and the governing bodies that rule on current nomenclature in a given field. Apparatus and materials. Names of unusual proprietary materials and special apparatus should be followed by the manufacturer¡¯s name and location in parentheses (e.g., manufacturer, city and state [United States] or city and country); ASM (2) has a good list of many common suppliers. It is only necessary to cite these materials by specific name if the work cannot otherwise be replicated. When necessary, trade names may be used and should be capitalized; trademark symbols should not be used and will be deleted before publication. Authorities for Latin binomials. Citation of authorities for Latin binomial names is optional but is appropriate for manuscripts dealing with taxonomy or nomenclature or for organisms with unfamiliar binomials. When used, authorities should be provided at first mention of the organism only. Bacteria. Spellings should be based on Bergey¡¯s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology (16), the Approved List of Bacterial Names (22), or the lists of species validly published in the International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology (IJSB). Based on Bergey¡¯s Manual, groups below the level of subspecies should be italicized (this varies from ASM style). Where applicable, designate strains. Common names of plant diseases. APS has an established committee to develop listings of approved common names for plant diseases¡ªthe Committee on Standardization of Common Names for Plant Diseases. These terms are official names for use in APS journals and publications. Please refer to the publication Common Names of Plant Diseases (1), available for purchase from APS in hard copy and disk form. It also can be found in its entirety in the free public-access section of APSnet. Chemicals, chemistry, and biochemistry terms. The ACS Style Guide (8) describes conventions in chemistry and biochemistry. The Merck Index (6) and Hawley¡¯s Chemical Dictionary (17) are good sources for spellings of chemical terms. List fungicides by their approved common or generic names. Trade names may be included parenthetically, but do not include manufacturers. See the current issue of Farm Chemicals Handbook (3) or the most recent edition of Acceptable Common Names and Chemical Names for the Ingredient Statement on Pesticide Labels (9). Use the chemical name if a common name is not available. Cultures. Indicate the source of cultures. Include culture designations obtained from or deposited in recognized collections. Authors are encouraged to deposit voucher cultures and specimens documenting their research at recognized institutions and to cite the place of deposit in the text. In addition, papers are accepted on the condition that recombinant plasmids and bacteriophages, microbe strains, and plant variants developed in the course of the research will be available for distribution to all qualified members of the scientific community, either directly from the investigator or by deposit in national or international collections. Though designations from recognized collections should generally be provided, avoid unnecessary use of arbitrary genotype designations in the text. For example, ¡°The avirulent isolate showed a larger colony diameter than did the virulent isolate¡± is more informative than ¡°Isolate ISF234 showed a larger colony diameter than did isolate ABF672.¡± Enzymes. Use the enzyme names recommended in the latest issue of Enzyme Nomenclature (13). Give the number (classification) of the enzyme at its first use (e.g., EC 1.1.75.6). Genetics. Follow ASM style (2) for designations. Rieger et al. (21), Stenesh (23), and King and Stansfield (15) are good specialized genetics and molecular biology dictionaries. Fungi. The preferred source for common and scientific names and authorities of fungi is Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States (10). Ainsworth and Bisby¡¯s Dictionary of the Fungi (12) is another good reference. Insects. Common Names of Insects and Related Organisms (24) can be used to verify insect names. Nucleotide or amino acid sequences. Accession numbers cited from GenBank or other sequence databases must be provided. If the sequence is not available for general access from the database when the manuscript is submitted, a computer file or copy of sequences described in the manuscript should be provided for reviewers. Phylogenetic trees. Authors are encouraged to deposit phylogenetic trees and data used to generate them in TreeBASE, and cite accession number(s). If not deposited, authors of manuscripts may be required, at the discretion of the Senior Editor, to provide unpublished sequences, alignments, or other data used to construct phylogenies, for the sole purpose of providing reviewers with sufficient data with which to evaluate the submitted manuscript. As with the manuscript itself, any unpublished information provided for the purpose of review will be considered confidential. Plants. Farr et al. (10) is a good source for spellings of common and scientific names. Other good sources include Merriam-Webster¡¯s Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed. (30), A Checklist of Names for 3,000 Vascular Plants of Economic Importance (26), and The Plant Book (18). Use the term ¡°cultivar¡± for cultivated agronomic and horticultural varieties. Identify the source of the cultivars and include CI and PI numbers when appropriate. The name of a cultivar may be preceded by the abbreviation cv. or enclosed in single quotation marks. Software. Software used should be treated as proprietary material or apparatus. Give the manufacturer or developer name and location parenthetically within the text. Software should not be listed in Literature Cited. Statistics. Describe statistical methods with enough detail to enable a knowledgeable reader to verify the reported results. Give details of randomization and blocking, as well as number of replications, blocks, or observations. Clearly distinguish between true replications and subsamples within a replication/treatment combination. Always specify the experimental design and indicate whether the design was balanced. When means (or medians) are followed by ¡À x, indicate whether x refers to the standard deviation, standard error, or half the confidence interval; error bars should similarly be defined. Except for simple procedures (e.g., t tests, one-way analysis of variance, simple linear regression), cite an appropriate and accessible statistical text and indicate the computer program used. In general, statistical techniques should be described in the Materials and Methods. Avoid use of arbitrary significance cut-offs, such as ¡°significant or not significant at P = 0.05.¡± Instead, give the achieved significance level for statistical tests (e.g., F was significant at P = 0.03). See Swallow (25) for a discussion of appropriate methods for statistical comparison of treatments. In general, a multiple comparison procedure (e.g., Duncan¡¯s multiple range test or Fischer¡¯s least significant difference) should not be used when logical a priori comparisons can be identified. Multiple comparison procedures can be used when logical a priori comparisons are not identified, but the specific procedure should be clearly indicated. When a quantitative factor (e.g., temperature) is studied, it is often desirable to use regression instead of analysis of variance (ANOVA). When ANOVA is used for this type of factor, orthogonal polynomials are preferable to multiple comparisons. Even when a multiple comparison procedure is used, it is desirable to specify one of the following: mean square error, standard error of the difference, or the least significant difference value (with specified P). Whenever possible, researchers should consult with a statistician before designing an experiment and when analyzing the results. The following articles are good sources of information: Johnson and Berger (14), Madden et al. (19), Swallow (25), and Gilligan (11). Viruses. Guidelines provided in the Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (29), as described by Mayo and Horzinek (20) and Van Regenmortel (28), will be followed. In formal taxonomic usage, virus family, subfamily, and genus should be capitalized and printed in italics. When used formally, the name of the taxon should precede the term for the taxonomic unit, e.g., the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Tospovirus. Formal use of a virus species name also should be printed in italics, with the first word and any subsequent proper noun capitalized, e.g., Wheat American striate mosaic virus. Generally, the designation of the taxonomic unit ¡°species¡± need not precede the species name, e.g., Tomato spotted wilt virus need not be written as the species Tomato spotted wilt virus. The first use of a virus species name in a paper usually should be formal and, therefore, italicized with the first word capitalized. Subsequent reference to the same virus should be by the accepted acronym, which is not italicized, e.g., TSWV. Virus names written in tables should be written formally. The name of a tentative species whose taxonomic status is uncertain should not be written in italics, but its first word (and any proper nouns) should be capitalized. In informal vernacular use, the virus family, subfamily, and genus should be lowercase and not printed in italics. This generally does not apply to virus species names, because acronyms are applied after the first use, which is formal. The name of the taxon, if used, should follow the term for the taxonomic unit, e.g., the tospovirus genus. When used informally, the name of the taxon should not include the formal suffix, e.g., the bunyavirus family, not the bunyaviridae family. Usually, these constructions should simply be avoided, because they lead to unnecessary ambiguity. Formal taxonomic usage is preferred, particularly when the formal family and genus names have the same root terms, e.g., Bromoviridae and Bromovirus. General Editorial Style Most of the style guides mentioned previously have good discussions of English, grammar, and style. Other good general references include The Chicago Manual of Style (27) and Merriam-Webster¡¯s Collegiate Dictionary (30). Citations. A citation should always be to the original source of publication, whether print or online. Literature cited. List references in alphabetic order by authors¡¯ surnames. When citing multiple works by the same author, list articles by one author before those by multiple authors. Determine the sequence by alphabetizing the first author¡¯s surname and subsequent authors¡¯ surnames, by the year of publication (most recent last), and, if necessary, by the page numbers of articles published in the same journal. Italicize Latin binomials, capitalize German nouns, and insert diacritical marks. List specific pages of books. Refer to the BIOSIS List of Serials (5) for accepted abbreviations of journal names. Do not abbreviate one-word titles of journals. Double-check the accuracy of title abbreviations, page and volume numbers, and dates and check that each reference is cited in text. Only references generally available through libraries should be listed in Literature Cited. If a work cited is in preparation, submitted but not accepted for publication, or not readily available in libraries, cite the work parenthetically in the text, e.g., (J. Jones, unpublished data) or (J. Jones, personal communication), not in Literature Cited. Obtain written permission from the person(s) cited as the source of unpublished information. A copy of the letter from the person supplying information should be included as an e-mail attachment when submitting a manuscript, or sent to the assigned Senior Editor by fax or mail. To cite an article as in press, you must have a letter of acceptance from a journal or book editor or have a copy of the galley proof for book chapters, bulletins, etc. Avoid excessive reference to unpublished information. Databases. Accession numbers cited from GenBank, EMBL, and other databases for primary nucleotide or amino acid sequence data must be provided and should be referenced as a footnote at the bottom of the first page, in the figure legends, or in text. Online publications. For literature citations of publications available or referenced online that were originally published in traditional print form, the original printed version should be cited. Materials originally published online by established sources (the Senior Editor will make the assessment of the online source) should be cited as published online. Citation of online material should include author(s), date, title, publication name or sponsoring organization, and publication number or equivalent identifier, if any, e.g., Nadeem, A. 1997. Title. Mol. Plant Pathol. Online publication /1997/0612nadeem. Do not reference the electronic address or filename of the material, because electronic addresses and locations are frequently changed. If information used in text can be found online but is not from an established publication, it should be referenced in text as a personal communication (requiring the same verification from the authors as any other personal communication), e.g., (J. Jones, B. Myers, and P. Johnson, personal communication). Online software, programs, models, etc. that are used to analyze data should be cited in text by referencing the sponsoring organization and program, e.g., NIH Image is available online from the National Institute of Health. Beginning in 1996, each article appearing in an APS journal has a unique publication number assigned to it for future reference. The APS journals have a policy of consistency between online and print versions. Changes to online versions will be made only as errata. These will appear at the end of the online article at the same time they appear in a printed issue. Tables Cite tables in numeric order in the manuscript. Tables should be intelligible without reference to the text or another table. Do not repeat data in the text that are given in a table or figure. The title should summarize the information presented in the table without repeating the subheadings. Subheadings should be brief. Tables are used to present precise numerical data that show comparisons or interrelationships. The minimum number of columns is two. Lists should be incorporated into the text. Nonessential details should be omitted. Numbers should be rounded to significant digits. Ditto marks should not be used. Abbreviations are acceptable; explain any nonstandard abbreviations in footnotes. Footnotes are designated with superscript lowercase letters. Vertical and horizontal rules and bold type are not allowed in data fields. Figures General. Each submitted illustration should be labeled with the figure number, author¡¯s name, and Phytopathology. The top and bottom should be indicated whenever there is a possibility for confusion. Captions should describe the contents so each illustration is understandable when considered apart from the text. Cite all figures in numeric order in the manuscript. Exact widths for same-size reproductions are 88 mm for one column and 183 mm for two columns; maximum height is 250 mm, including caption. On figures, numbers and lettering should be in a 10-point sans serif type (Helvetica preferred) and bold; capitalize only the first word and proper nouns in each label. Panel designations¡ªA, B, C, etc.¡ªshould be uppercase letters in an 18-point sans serif type that matches the font used for the rest of the labeling. Keep font sizes consistent among figures. Line drawings. Provide one print-quality version of each line drawing as original (e.g., laser print) artwork¡ªpreferably prepared for same-size reproduction. Affix index marks to ordinates and abscissae. Avoid too bold lettering, numbers, and lines for coordinate axes and curves. Graphs should be ¡°boxed¡± with tic marks on left and right and top and bottom axes. Use solid black or white or hatch or stripe patterns in bar graphs (Fig. 1); shaded columns do not reproduce well, either becoming ¡°muddy¡± and indistinguishable or fading to white. Use solid black or white rules and symbols; shaded or screened rules and symbols will not reproduce. Portions of a composite line drawing or graph should be provided as a single illustration.   Fig. 1 In figures, only standard symbols (boxes, circles, triangles) or other typographic elements should be used. If necessary, please provide a key to any symbols as part of the figure (Fig. 2). Only standard symbols can be reproduced in captions and may change in conversions.   Fig. 2 Photographs from negatives. Submit one set of original (directly from negatives) print-quality photographs for the printer. Photographs should have any labeling applied directly to the print; figures with extraneous labeling must be mounted securely and the labeling placed on the mounting material. Same-size reproduction photographs are preferred. Photographs should be cropped at right angles to show only essential details; scale bars should be inserted where necessary to indicate magnification. Prints should be clear and of high quality. Poor alignment, blurred lines, or out-of-focus letters and symbols are not acceptable. For composites, match photographs for similarity of contrast, background density, and subject content and arrange in a square or rectangle. Photographs in a composite should be mounted, with the edges in contact; space between photographs will be inserted in printing. Any labeling should be set in from the outside edges and edges where space will be inserted to avoid being cut off in print. Color illustrations. Color figures may be used. The cost of color reproduction must be paid by the authors (for rates, see the Page charges section of the Phytopathology General Publication Policies). Color composite photographs must be mounted on flexible material and ready for reproduction. Submission of digital color images is discouraged. Photos from negatives should be provided for print to ensure accurate reproduction of color. If color images are available only from digital files, provide images in .tif or .eps format saved in CMYK mode, with adequate resolution for print. One-column images must have a minimum of 1,260 pixels in width, and two-column images must have a minimum of 2,610 pixels in width. A color proof should be supplied, but due to variance in monitors and the visible color ranges, only SWOP approved proofs can be matched on press. Photographs from digital image files. Although APS prefers high-quality photographic prints from negatives, Phytopathology will accept digital image files of photographs. Digital files must conform to the following specifications. Files must be saved in .tif, .eps, or .jpg format for IBM PC or in .tiff, .pict, .jpeg, or .eps format for Macintosh. Do not submit image files generated with ¡°office suite¡± programs, such as PowerPoint and Excel, or images embedded in office suite applications, e.g., word-processing documents. Although images may appear to be of suitable quality on screen, they result in low-resolution images that cannot be imaged through high-quality output devices. Image resolution must be 360 ppi at the final printed image size. If the final printed image size is unknown, size the image at a larger than final print size, maintaining a 360 ppi resolution, and APS will downsample the image to fit the final print dimensions (to maintain quality, APS cannot enlarge a digitized image). Black-and-white images must be saved as grayscale images. Image sizes as follows: 2,610 pixels wide for two-column image and 1,260 pixels wide for one-column images. Acceptable storage media include 1.4-MB disk, zip disk, or CD-Rom. Image files must be properly named and include the appropriate file extension. The storage medium must be labeled with file names, journal, manuscript number, first author¡¯s name, computer platform, and file extension, e.g., Figs. 1, 2, 3, Phytopathology #222, Zayas, IBM PC, .tif files. A high-quality, camera-ready hard copy version of each image is required, including figure and manuscript numbers and author information. Hard copy quality should be acceptable to the author, because it may have to be used for reproduction. APS will attempt to obtain print-quality images from submitted files, but if the digital image is unusable, the supplied hard copy version will be used instead. Please note: If publication-quality prints or digital image files have not been supplied when the manuscript is accepted, the supplied hard copy version will be used. Because of the wide variance in software, scanners, and monitors, APS urges that electronic images be submitted only by authors experienced in electronic image processing. Unusable files may result in delays in publication. If you have questions please contact Patti Ek by E-mail at pek@scisoc.org. INSTRUCTIONS FOR FINAL SUBMISSION Electronic processing of manuscripts Accepted manuscripts returned for final processing should be submitted for publication on an IBM-compatible or 1.4-MB Apple/Macintosh disk, zip disk, or CD-Rom. To submit, include a letter-quality printout of the manuscript and a disk containing the corresponding final files; there should be one file containing text, figure captions, and tables. Figures and tables should not be inserted as frames into the text file. The file containing the article MUST be saved as a Microsoft Word (preferred), WordPerfect, or Rich Text format (.rtf) document. Articles that cannot be saved as Microsoft Word, WordPerfect or Rich Text format documents can be submitted in ASCII (Text Only or Text Only with Line breaks) format. Please include a version of the file saved in your native word processing application as well as in ASCII (Text Only or Text Only with Line breaks) format. When saving the file for submission, prepare the manuscript as for review, omitting any line numbering. Label the disk with the document¡¯s complete file name. Also, indicate the format as either IBM or Apple/Macintosh and as Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, Rich Text, or ASCII (Text Only or Text Only with Line breaks) format. No other preparation is required. Prepare tables in table format, with one data field per cell or separate each data field with a tab (not spaces). Prepare figures according to the instructions provided under figures. If the senior editor has requested that figures be added or revised, new publication-quality figures should accompany the final submission. Illustrations (photographs, drawings, or diagrams) from an article or related to an article may be submitted for consideration for the journal cover. Such figures should be labeled and include a caption. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences may be supplied as computer files in addition to the hard copy. These should be prepared at a maximum of 100 characters per line. LITERATURE CITED American Phytopathological Society Committee on the Standardization of Common Names for Plant Diseases. 1994. Common Names of Plant Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. American Society for Microbiology. 1991. ASM Manual for Journals and Books. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. Anonymous. (Current) Farm Chemicals Handbook. Meister Publishing Co., Willoughby, OH. ASA, CSA, and SSA. 1988. Publications Handbook and Style Manual. ASA, CSA, and SSA, Madison, WI. BIOSIS. (Current) Serial Sources for the BIOSIS database. BIOSIS, Philadelphia, PA. Budavari, S. 1989. The Merck Index. 11th ed. Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ. CBE Style Manual Committee. 1994. Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. 6th ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Dodd, J. S., ed. 1986. The ACS Style Guide. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticide Regulation Division. (Current) Acceptable Common Names and Chemical Names for the Ingredient Statement on Pesticide Labels. EPA, Washington, DC. Farr, D. A., Bills, G. F., Chamuris, G. P., and Rossman, A. Y. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Gilligan, C. A. 1986. Use and misuse of the analysis of variance in plant pathology. Pages 225-261 in: Advances in Plant Pathology, vol. 5. Academic Press, New York. Hawksworth, D. L., Kirk, P. M., Sutton, B. C., and Pegler, D.N. 1995. Ainsworth and Bisby¡¯s Dictionary of the Fungi. 8th ed. CAB International, Wallingford. International Union of Biochemistry. 1984. Enzyme Nomenclature 1984. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL. Johnson, S. B., and Berger, R. D. 1982. On the status of statistics in phytopathology. Phytopathology 72:1014-1015. King, R. C., and Stansfield, W. D. 1990. A Dictionary of Genetics. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, New York. Krieg, N. R., and Holt, J. G., eds. 1984. Bergey¡¯s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology. Vol. 1. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. Lewis, R. J., Sr. 1993. Hawley¡¯s Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York. Mabberley, D. J. 1987. The Plant-Book. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Madden, L. V., Knoke, J. K., and Louie, R. 1982. Considerations for the use of multiple comparison procedures in phytopathological investigations. Phytopathology 72:1015-1017. Mayo, M. A. and Horzinek, M. 1998. A revised version of the international code of virus classification and nomenclature. Arch. Virol. 143:1645-1654. Rieger, R., Michaelis, A., and Green, M. M. 1991. Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular. 5th ed. Springer-Verlag, New York. Skerman, V. B. D., McGowan, V., and Sneath, P. H. A., eds. 1980. Approved Lists of Approved Bacterial Names. 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. Stenesh, J. 1989. Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, New York. Stoetzel, M. B., ed. 1989. Common Names of Insects and Related Organisms. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. Swallow, W. H. 1984. Those overworked and oft-misused mean separation procedures¡ªDuncan¡¯s, LSD, etc. Plant Dis. 68:919-921. Terrell, E. E., Hill, S. R., Wiersema, J. H., and Rice, W. E. 1986. A Checklist of Names of 3,000 Vascular Plants of Economic Importance. USDA Handb. 505. University of Chicago Press. 1993. The Chicago Manual of Style. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. 1999. How to write the names of virus species. Arch. Virol. 144:1041-1042. Van Regenmortel, M. H. V., Fauquet, C. M., Bishop, D. H. L., Carstens, E., Estes, M., Lemon, S., McGeoch, D., Wickner, R. B., Mayo, M. A., Pringle, C. R., and Maniloff, J. 1999. Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, New York. Webster¡¯s 10th New Collegiate Dictionary. 1994. Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA. Problem abbreviations and terms aa--amino acids Carborundum Casamino Acids Celite CFU--colony-forming units, do not spell out if preceded by a numeral cheesecloth chi-square test or _ 2 cis, trans cM--centimorgan, spell out at first use Coomassie brilliant blue df--degrees of freedom, do not spell out if preceded by a numeral et al., not et al. GLM--general linear model gram negative, gram positive Gram stain LB broth--Luria-Bertani broth LR white resin Mab--monoclonal antibody P--probability, do not spell out Parafilm phytoplasma, not MLO or mycoplasmalike organism potato dextrose agar, not potato-dextrose agar ppm--parts per million R(f)--retardation factor V8 juice agar Checklist for papers submitted to Phytopathology Authors can expedite processing of their manuscripts by following the formatting guidelines outlined below in preparing their manuscripts for submission to Phytopathology. Content Significance and originality of work are shown. Reproducibility of results is illustrated. Objectives are clearly stated in the introduction. Introduction includes a succinct evaluation of the topic, including all relevant literature citations. Experimental design and methodology are fully explained. Proper and sufficient analyses have been conducted (review by qualified statistician before submission is encouraged). Discussion relates work to other published material and addresses strengths and weaknesses of research. Major conclusions are supported by results from repeated experiments. Manuscript has been reviewed critically before submission. Format Line-numbered paper (8.5 ¡Á 11-inches), double-spaced (including tables and figures). Typescript is 12 point. First author¡¯s name, page number, and Phytopathology in upper right corner of each page. Tables on numbered pages after Literature Cited section. Captions for figures on a separate numbered page following the tables. Section heads provided. Title does not exceed 100 characters and spaces. (Do not include a pathogen name in parentheses after a disease name unless essential for clarity. Do not use both common and scientific names for organisms in the title.) Author name(s) listed under the title. Affiliations, addresses, and acceptance date are given in separate paragraphs beneath the author¡¯s name. Acknowledgments are at the end of the text. Disclaimers should be a footnote to the first page. Corresponding author name and E-mail address are given before the abstract. Reference line is provided (authors, year, title, journal) under abstract head. Abstract is one paragraph limited to 200 words. Abstracts must be included with all papers, except Obituaries. Additional keywords are words or phrases not in the title or abstract but are in the text and useful in index retrieval systems. Listed in alphabetic order. Organization of text Major sections after the introductory statements are Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, and Literature Cited. General techniques and methods are described in Materials and Methods; brief descriptions of experiments and trials are given in Results. (Subheadings may be used, but avoid excessive fragmentation of the text.) Footnotes to the text are not permitted. Please refer to published articles for standard formatting of heads and subheads. Published references are listed in Literature Cited. References are in alphabetic order by authors¡¯ surnames. Citations in text are given by number. Figures (hard copies and digital images) are labeled with the figure number, first author¡¯s name, and Phytopathology, and the top and bottom are indicated when necessary. Digital images have been checked for adequate resolution. Figures are boxed. The first letter of the first word of each label is capitalized; all others are lowercase, except proper nouns. Figures are prepared for same-size reproduction (88 or 183 mm wide; maximum 250 mm deep, including caption). Consistent font style and sizing is used for all figures. Supporting material Cover letter in e-mail of text includes the title of article; name, title, affiliation, and mailing address of all authors; indicate the corresponding author and include phone and fax numbers and e-mail address. Provide names and e-mail addresses of potential reviewers or requests, with justification why certain reviewers not be used. A statement indicating that all authors have reviewed the manuscript, approved its submission, and accept Phytopathology¡¯s authorship policy is included. A copy of the Abstract is included in the cover letter. Copy of first page or letter of acceptance is provided for all in press citations. Copies of personal communication verification are provided. Permission has been granted for copyrighted material. Accession numbers obtained for nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences are provided as a footnote to the first page or in text. Voucher cultures and specimens have been deposited in recognized collections. Editorial Board  Editor-in-Chief Christopher C. Mundt Oregon State University Telephone: +1.541.737.5256 Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology Fax: +1.541.737.3573 2082 Cordley Hall E-mail: Corvallis, OR 97331-2902     mundtc@science.oregonstate.edu   Senior Editors   James C. Correll University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR 72701 E-mail: jcorrell@uark.edu Bonnie H. Ownley University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996-4560 E-mail: bownley@utk.edu Michael J. Davis University of Florida Homestead, FL 33031-3314 E-mail: mjd@mail.ifas.ufl.edu Harald Scherm University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602 E-mail: scherm@uga.edu Scott Evan Gold University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602 E-mail: sgold@arches.uga.edu Sally M. Schneider USDA-ARS Parlier, CA 93648-9757 E-mail:     sschneider@fresno.ars.usda.gov Linda L. Kinkel University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN 55108-0010 E-mail: kinkel@umn.edu Herman B. Scholthof Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-2132 E-mail: herscho@tamu.edu Robert P. Larkin USDA-ARS, University of Maine Orono, ME 04469 E-mail: larkin@maine.edu Drake C. Stenger USDA-ARS, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68583 E-mail: dstenger@unlnotes.unl.edu Frank N. Martin USDA-ARS Salinas, CA 93905-3018 E-mail: fmartin@pw.ars.usda.gov Jeffrey P. Wilson USDA-ARS Tifton, GA 31793-0748 E-mail: jwilson@tifton.usda.gov Peter V. Oudemans Rutgers University Chatsworth, NJ 08019 E-mail: oudemans@aesop.rutgers.edu   Associate Editors James Borneman, University of California, Riverside Murray K. Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison James N. Culver, University of Maryland, College Park Carl M. Deom, University of Georgia, Athens Shou Wei Ding, University of California, Riverside Claude M. Fauquet, ILTAB/Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis Reid D. Frederick, USDA-ARS-NAA, Ft. Detrick, MD Karen A. Garrett, Kansas State University, Manhattan James S. Gerik, USDA-ARS, Parlier, CA Richard W. Jones, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD Robert R. Martin, USDA-ARS-HCRL, Corvallis, OR Patricia S. McManus, University of Wisconsin, Madison John F. Murphy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL Eric B. Nelson, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Daniel Panaccione, West Virginia University, Morgantown Thomas Powers, University of Nebraska, Lincoln Daniel Rigling, Swiss Fed. Res. Inst. WSL, Switzerland David M. Rizzo, University of California, Davis Adib Rowhani, University of California, Davis Karen-Beth Scholthof, Texas A&M University, College Station Christine D. Smart, Cornell University, Geneva, NY Virginia O. Stockwell, Oregon State University, Corvallis Lane Tredway, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Frank van den Bosch, IACR, Hertfordshire, U.K. William M. Wintermantel, USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA Chang L. Xiao, Washington State University, Wenatchee Xiangming Xu, Horiculture Research Int., Kent, U.K.