期刊名称：SYMMETRY-BASEL
 期刊简介(About the journal)
投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)
编辑部信息(Editorial Board)
About the journal
Aims
Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994), an international and interdisciplinary scientific journal, publishes reviews, regular research papers and short notes. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical research in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. Full experimental and/or methodical details must be provided, so that results can be reproduced. There are in addition three unique features:
- Manuscripts regarding research proposals and research ideas will be particularly welcomed.
- Comments on any related papers published in this journal and other journals can be published as short letters.
- Electronic files regarding the full details of the calculation and experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, will be deposited as supplementary material.
Subject Areas
- Physics: conservation laws, Noether's theorem, spatial parity, charge parity, time parity, G-parity, standard model, internal symmetry, Lorentz symmetry, transformations, invariance, conservation, local and global symmetries, laws and symmetry, symmetry breaking, color symmetry, periodic and quasiperiodic crystals, time-reversal symmetry breaking, symmetry and complexity, Curie-Rosen symmetry principles, constants, biophysics, entropy, and indistinguishability.
- Chemistry: crystal and crystallography; chiral molecules, chiral resolution and asymmetric synthesis, asymmetric induction, chiral auxiliaries and chiral catalysts, stereochemistry, diastereomers, stereogenic, stereoisomers (enantiomers, atropisomers, diastereomers), stability, mixing, and phase separation.
- Biology: symmetry in biology, radial symmetry (tetramerism, pentamerism, etc.), diversity, preservation, sustainability, morphology, origin of life, and molecular evolution (homochirality).
- Mathematics: invariance, transformation, group theory, Lie groups, chirality, achiral or amphichiral, helix and Möbius strip, knot theory, graph theory, isometry, plane of symmetry, skewness, vertex algebra, asymmetry, dissymmetry, nonsymmetry and antisymmetry, supergroups and nonlinear algebraic structures, supersymmetry and supergravity, strings and branes, integrability and geometry, information theory, Felix Klein's Erlangen Program, and continuous symmetry.
- Computer Science, Theory and Methods: computer-aided design, computational geometry, computer graphics, visualization, image compression, data compression, pattern recognition, diversity, similarity, and conservation and sustainability.
- Symmetry and other scientific disciplines and engineering.
MDPI Publication Ethics Statement
Symmetry is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). MDPI takes the responsibility to enforce a rigorous peer-review together with strict ethical policies and standards to ensure to add high quality scientific works to the field of scholarly publication. Unfortunately, cases of plagiarism, data falsification, inappropriate authorship credit, and the like, do arise. MDPI takes such publishing ethics issues very seriously and our editors are trained to proceed in such cases with a zero tolerance policy. To verify the originality of content submitted to our journals, we use CrossCheck (powered by iThenticate) to check submissions against previous publications.
Book Reviews
Authors and publishers are encouraged to send review copies of their recent related books to the following address. Received books will be listed as Books Received within the journal's News & Announcements section.
MDPI AG
Klybeckstrasse 64
CH-4057 Basel
Switzerland
E-mail: support@mdpi.com
Copyright / Open Access
Articles published in Symmetry will be Open-Access articles distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License. MDPI will insert following note at the end of the published text:
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Reprints
Reprints may be ordered. Please contact publisher@mdpi.com for more information on how to order reprints.
Announcement and Advertisement
Announcements regarding academic activities such as conferences are published for free. Advertisement can be either published or placed on the pertinent website. Contact e-mail address is symmetry@mdpi.com.
Symmetry — Indexing & Abstracting
Symmetry is covered by following databases and archives:
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Indexing & Abstracting Services
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Full-text Archives
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Content Aggregators
Symmetry - Open Access and Publication Fees
Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994) is an Open Access journal, which is free to access and read on the Internet. MDPI guarantees that no university library or individual reader will ever have to buy a subscription or buy access through pay-per-view fees to access the articles published in the journal. Hence, MDPI does not have any income from selling subscriptions to the print or online version of this journal or from pay-per-view fees. In order to cover the costs of providing and maintaining a publication infrastructure, managing the journals, and processing the manuscripts through peer-review and the editorial procedure, the journal uses a form of conditional submission fee referred to as Article Processing Charge (APC).
For Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994), authors are asked to pay a fee of 500 CHF (Swiss Francs) per processed paper, but only if the article is accepted for publication in this journal after peer-review and possible revision of the manuscript. An additional fee of 250 CHF may apply for those articles that need major editing and formatting and/or English editing. Note that many national and private research funding organizations and universities explicitly cover such fees for articles originated in funded research projects. Discounts are available for authors from institutes that participate with MDPI's membership program.
In addition to Swiss Francs (CHF), we also accept payment of the fees in Euros (EUR), US Dollars (USD) or Chinese Yuan (CNY). Current exchange rates published at XE plus 5% exchange commission apply.
Instructions to Authors
Shortcuts
Submission Checklist
Manuscript Submission Overview
Types of Publications
Symmetry has no restrictions on the length of manuscripts, provided that the text is concise and comprehensive. Full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced by other groups. Symmetry encourages authors to publish all experimental controls and full datasets as supplementary files (please read the guidelines about Supplementary Materials carefully and references to unpublished data).
The different types of articles published in Symmetry are indicated in the first section of the Aims & Scope. The main types are:
- Articles: research manuscripts report new evidence or new conclusions which have neither been published before nor are under consideration for publication in another journal. MDPI considers all original research manuscripts provided that the work reports scientifically sound experiments and provides a substantial amount of new information. We strongly recommend authors not to unnecessarily divide their work into several related manuscripts.
- Short communications of preliminary, but significant, results will also be considered.
- Reviews: review manuscripts provide concise and precise updates on the latest progress made in a given area of research.
- Conference Papers: Expanded and high quality conference papers are also considered in Symmetry if they fulfill the following requirements: (1) the paper should be expanded to the size of a research article; (2) the conference paper should be cited and noted on the first page of the paper; (3) if the authors do not hold the copyright to the published conference paper, authors should seek the appropriate permission from the copyright holder; (4) authors are asked to disclose that it is conference paper in their cover letter and include a statement on what has been changed compared to the original conference paper.
Submission Process
Manuscripts for Symmetry should be submitted online at susy.mdpi.com. The submitting author, who is generally the corresponding author, is responsible for the manuscript during the submission and peer-review process. The submitting authors must ensure that all co-authors have been included in the author list (read the criteria to qualify for authorship) and that they all have read and approved the submitted version of the manuscript. To submit your manuscript, register and log in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form for Symmetry. All co-authors can see the manuscript details in the submission system, if they register and log in using the e-mail address provided during manuscript submission.
Accepted File Formats
Authors must use the Microsoft Word template or LaTeX template to prepare their manuscript. Using the template file will substantially shorten the time to complete copy-editing and publication of accepted manuscripts. Accepted file formats are:
- Microsoft Word: Manuscripts prepared in Microsoft Word must be converted into a single file before submission. When preparing manuscripts in Microsoft Word, the Symmetry Microsoft Word template file must be used. Please insert your graphics (schemes, figures, etc.) in the main text after the paragraph of its first citation.
- LaTeX: Manuscripts prepared in LaTeX must be collated into one ZIP folder (include all source files and images, so that the Editorial Office can recompile the submitted PDF). When preparing manuscripts in LaTeX, please use the Symmetry LaTeX template files. You can now also use the online application writeLaTeX to submit articles directly to Symmetry. The MDPI LaTeX template file should be selected from the writeLaTeX template gallery.
Cover Letter
A cover letter must be included with each manuscript submission. It should be concise and explain why the content of your paper is significant, placing your findings in the context of existing work and why it fits the scope of the journal. Please confirm that neither the manuscript nor any parts of its content are currently under consideration or published in another journal. Any prior submissions of the manuscript to MDPI journals must be acknowledged. The names of proposed and excluded reviewers should be provided in the submission system, not in the cover letter.
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Preparation of a Manuscript
General Considerations
- Research manuscripts should comprise:
- Front matter: Title, Author list, Affiliations, Abstract, Keywords
- Research manuscript sections: Introduction, Results, Discussion, Conclusions (optional), Materials and Methods, Supplementary Materials
- Back matter: Acknowledgments, Author Contributions, Conflict of Interests, References.
- Review manuscripts should comprise the front matter, literature review sections and the back matter. The template file can also be used to prepare the front and back matter of your review manuscript. It is not necessary to follow the remaining structure.
- Abstract Graphic: Authors are encouraged to provide a graphical abstract to display on the website alongside the textual abstract. It should be a self-explanatory snapshot of your article giving a view on its rationale, study design, and/or conclusions. The graphic should not exceed 550 pixels. When prepared in Adobe Photoshop or Microsoft PowerPoint, the frame should be 5–15 cm in width and height. The text should be kept to a minimum and the font size comprised between 10 pt and 14 pt to ensure readability. The graphic should be provided as a JPG, TIFF, PNG or GIF file.
- "Data not shown" should be avoided in research manuscripts. We encourage our authors to publish all observations related to the submitted manuscript as Supplementary Materials. "Unpublished data" intended for publication in a different manuscript, i.e., in a manuscript that is either planned, "in preparation" or that have been "submitted" but not yet accepted, should be cited in the text and a reference should be added in the References section. "Personal Communications" should also be cited in the text and reference added in the References section. (see also the MDPI reference list and citations style guide).
- Abbreviations should be defined in parentheses the first time they appear in the abstract, main text and in figure captions.
- SI Units (International System of Units) should be used for this journal. Imperial, US customary and other units should be converted to SI units whenever possible before submission of a manuscript to the journal.
- Equations: If you are using Word, please use either the Microsoft Equation Editor or the MathType add-on in your paper. Equations should be editable by the editorial office and not appear in a picture format.
- Supplementary Materials and Research Data: To maintain the transparency and reproducibility of research results, authors are encouraged to make their experimental and research data openly available either by depositing into data repositories or by publishing the data and files as "Supplementary Materials". Large datasets and files should be deposited in specialized data repositories. Small datasets, spreadsheets, images, video sequences, conference slides, software source code, etc. can be uploaded as "Supplementary Files" during the manuscript submission process. The supplementary files will also be made available to the referees during the peer-review process and be published online alongside the manuscript. Please read the information about Supplementary Materials and Data Deposit for additional guidelines.
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Front Matter
These sections should appear in all manuscript types
- Title: The title of your manuscript should be concise, specific and relevant.
- Authors List and Affiliations: Authors' full first and last names must be provided. The initials of any middle names can be added. The PubMed/MEDLINE standard format is used for affiliations: complete address information including city, zip code, state/province, country, and all email addresses. At least one author should be designated as corresponding author, and his or her email address and other details should be included at the end of the affiliation section. Please read the criteria to qualify for authorship.
- Abstract: The abstract should be a total of about 200 words maximum. The abstract should be a single paragraph and should follow the style of structured abstracts, but without headings: 1) Background: Place the question addressed in a broad context and highlight the purpose of the study; 2) Methods: Describe briefly the main methods or treatments applied; 3) Results: Summarize the article's main findings; and 4) Conclusion: Indicate the main conclusions or interpretations. The abstract should be an objective representation of the article: it must not contain results which are not presented and substantiated in the main text and should not exaggerate the main conclusions.
- Keywords: Three to ten pertinent keywords need to be added after the abstract. We recommend that the keywords are specific to the article, yet reasonably common within the subject discipline.
Research Manuscript Sections
- Introduction: The introduction should briefly place the study in a broad context and highlight why it is important. It should define the purpose of the work and its significance. The current state of the research field should be reviewed carefully and key publications should be cited. Please highlight controversial and diverging hypotheses when necessary. Finally, briefly mention the main aim of the work and highlight the main conclusions. As far as possible, please keep the introduction comprehensible to scientists outside your particular field of research.
- Results: This section may be divided by subheadings. It should provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn.
- Discussion: This section may be divided by subheadings. Authors should discuss the results and how they can be interpreted in perspective of previous studies and of the working hypotheses. The findings and their implications should be discussed in the broadest context possible. Future research directions may also be highlighted.
- Conclusions: This section is not mandatory, but can be added to the manuscript if the discussion is unusually long or complex.
- Materials and Methods: This section should be divided by subheadings. Materials and Methods should be described with sufficient details to allow others to replicate and build on published results. Please note that publication of your manuscript implicates that you must make all materials, data, and protocols associated with the publication available to readers. Please disclose at the submission stage any restrictions on the availability of materials or information. New methods and protocols should be described in detail while well-established methods can be briefly described and appropriately cited.
- Research manuscripts reporting large datasets that are deposited in a publicly available database should specify where the data have been deposited and provide the relevant accession numbers. If the accession numbers have not yet been obtained at the time of submission, please state that they will be provided during review. They must be provided prior to publication.
- Supplementary Materials: This section should be included when supplementary information is published online alongside the manuscript. Please indicate the name and title of each supplementary file as follows Figure S1: title, Table S1: title, etc.
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Back Matter
- Acknowledgments: All sources of funding of the study should be disclosed. Please clearly indicate grants that you have received in support of your research work. Clearly state if you received funds for covering the costs to publish in open access. Note that some funders will not refund article processing charges (APC) if the funder and grant number are not clearly identified in the paper. Funding information can be entered separately into the submission system by the authors during submission of their manuscript. Such funding information, if available, will be deposited to FundRef if the manuscript is finally published.
- Author Contributions: For research articles with several authors, a short paragraph specifying their individual contributions must be provided. The following statements should be used "X.X. and Y.Y. conceived and designed the experiments; X.X. performed the experiments; X.X. and Y.Y. analyzed the data; W.W. contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; Y.Y. wrote the paper. Authorship must be limited to those who have contributed substantially to the work reported. Please read the section concerning the criteria to qualify for authorship carefully.
- Conflicts of Interest: Authors must identify and declare any personal circumstances or interest that may be perceived as inappropriately influencing the representation or interpretation of reported research results. If there is no conflict of interest, please state "The authors declare no conflict of interest." Any role of the funding sponsors in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results must be declared in this section. If there is no role, please state “The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results”.
- References: References must be numbered in order of appearance in the text (including tables and legends) and listed individually at the end of the manuscript. We recommend preparing the references with a bibliography software package, such as EndNote, ReferenceManager or Zotero to avoid typing mistakes and duplicated references.
Citations and References in Supplementary files are permitted provided that they also appear in the main text and in the reference list.
- In the text, reference numbers should be placed in square brackets [ ], and placed before the punctuation; for example [1], [1–3] or [1,3]. For embedded citations in the text with pagination, use both parentheses and brackets to indicate the reference number and page numbers; for example [5] (p. 10). or [6] (pp. 101–105).
- The Reference list should include the full title as recommended by the ACS style guide. The style file for endnote, MDPI.ens, can be found at http://endnote.com/downloads/style/mdpi
- References should be described as follows depending on the type of work:
- Journal Articles:
1. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C.D. Title of the article. Abbreviated Journal Name Year, Volume, page range, DOI or other identifier. Available online: URL (accessed on Day Month Year).
- Books and Book Chapters:
2. Author 1, A.; Author 2, B. Book Title, 3rd ed.; Publisher: Publisher Location, Country, Year; pp. 154–196.
3. Author 1, A.; Author 2, B. Title of the chapter. In Book Title, 2nd ed.; Editor 1, A.; Editor 2, B., Eds.; Publisher: Publisher Location, Country, Year; Volume 3, pp. 154–196.
- Unpublished work, submitted work, personal communication:
4. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C. Title of Unpublished Work. status (unpublished; manuscript in preparation).
5.Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C. Title of Unpublished Work. Abbreviated Journal Name stage of publication (under review; accepted; in press).
6.Author 1, A.B. (University, City, State, Country); Author 2, C. (Institute, City, State, Country). Personal communication, Year.
- Conference Proceedings:
7. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C.D.; Author 3, E.F. Title of Presentation. In Title of the Collected Work (if available), Proceedings of the Name of the Conference, Location of Conference, Country, Date of Conference; Editor 1, Editor 2, Eds. (if available); Publisher: City, Country, Year (if available); Abstract Number (optional), Pagination (optional).
- Thesis:
8. Author 1, A.B. Title of Thesis. Level of Thesis, Degree-Granting University, Location of University, Date of Completion.
- Websites:
9.Title of Site. Available online: URL (accessed on Day Month Year).
Unlike published works, websites may change over time or disappear, so we encourage you create an archive of the cited website using a service such as WebCite. Archived websites should be cited using the link provided as follows:
10. Title of Site. URL (archived on Day Month Year). See the Reference List and Citations Guide for more detailed information.
Preparing Figures, Schemes and Tables
- All figure files should be separately uploaded during submission.
- Figures and schemes must be provided at a sufficiently high resolution (minimum 1000 pixels width/height, or a resolution of 300 dpi or higher). All Figure file formats are accepted. However, TIFF, JPEG, EPS and PDF files are preferred.
- Symmetry can publish multimedia files in articles or as supplementary materials. Please get in touch with the Editorial office for further information.
- All Figures, Schemes and Tables should also be inserted into the main text close to their first citation and must be numbered following their number of appearance (Figure 1, Scheme I, Figure 2, Scheme II, Table 1, etc.).
- All Figures, Schemes and Tables should have a short explanatory title and a caption placed above it.
- All table columns should have an explanatory heading. To facilitate the copy-editing of larger tables, smaller fonts may be used, but in no less than 8 pt. in size. Authors should use the Table option of Microsoft Word to create tables.
- For multi-panel figures, the file must contain all data in one file. For tips on creating multi-panel figures, please read the helpful advice provided by L2 Molecule.
- Authors are encouraged to prepare figures and schemes in color (RGB at 8-bit per channel). Full color graphics will be published free of charge.
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Qualification for Authorship
Authorship must include and be strictly limited to researchers who have substantially contributed to the reported work. To qualify for authorship, a researcher should have made a substantial contribution to the design of the study, or to the production, analysis or interpretation of the results. Authors should also have been involved in the preparation and have approved the submitted manuscript. Those who contributed to the work but do not qualify for authorship should be listed in the acknowledgments. According to the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) standard, to which this journal adheres, "all authors should agree to be listed and should approve the submitted and accepted versions of the publication. Any change to the author list should be approved by all authors including any who have been removed from the list. The corresponding author should act as a point of contact between the editor and the other authors and should keep co-authors informed and involve them in major decisions about the publication (e.g. answering reviewers’ comments)." [1]
- Wager, E.; Kleinert, S. Responsible research publication: international standards for authors. A position statement developed at the 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity, Singapore, July 22-24, 2010. In Promoting Research Integrity in a Global Environment; Mayer, T., Steneck, N., eds.; Imperial College Press / World Scientific Publishing: Singapore; Chapter 50, pp. 309-16.
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Ethics Approval of Research
Manuscripts containing original descriptions of research conducted in humans or experimental animals must contain details of approval by a properly constituted research ethics committee. As a minimum, the project identification code, date of approval and name of the ethics committee or institutional review board should be cited in the Methods section.
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Editorial Procedure and Peer-Review
Initial Checks
All submitted manuscripts received by the Editorial Office will be checked by a professional in-house Managing Editor to determine whether it is properly prepared and whether the manuscript follows the ethical policies of the journal. Manuscripts that do not fit the journal or are not in line with our ethical policy may be rejected before peer-review. Manuscripts that are not properly prepared will be returned to the authors for revision and resubmission. The Managing Editor will consult the journals’ Editor-in-Chief, the Guest Editor or an Editorial Board member to determine whether the manuscript fits the scope of the journal and whether it is scientifically sound. No judgment on the significance or potential impact of the work will be made at this stage.
Peer-Review
Once a manuscript passes the initial checks, it will be assigned to at least two independent experts for peer-review. A single-blind peer-review process is applied, where authors' names are revealed to reviewers. In-house assistant editors generally invite experts recommended by the Editor-in-Chief or identified by literature searches. These experts may also include Editorial Board members and Guest Editors of the journal. Potential reviewers suggested by the authors may also be considered. Reviewers should not have published with any of the co-authors during the past five years and should not currently work or collaborate with one of the institutes of the co-authors of the submitted manuscript.
Editorial Decision and Revision
Based on the comments and advices of the peer-reviewers, an external editor – usually the Editor-in-Chief or a Guest Editor – will make a decision to accept, reject, or to ask authors to revise the manuscript.
For Minor Revisions the authors will have one week to resubmit their revised manuscript. For Major Revisions the authors will have two weeks to resubmit their revised manuscript. However, authors should contact the editorial office if extended revision time is anticipated.
Author Appeals
Authors may appeal a rejection by sending an e-mail to the Editorial Office of the journal. The appeal must provide a detailed justification, including point-by-point responses to the reviewers' and/or Editor's comments. The Managing Editor of the journal will forward the manuscript and relating information (including the identities of the referees) to an Editorial Board member who was not involved in the initial decision-making process. If no appropriate Editorial Board member is available, the editor will identify a suitable external scientist. The Editorial Board member will be asked to give an advisory recommendation on the manuscript and may recommend acceptance, further peer-review, or uphold the original rejection decision. A reject decision at this stage will be final and cannot be revoked.
Production and Publication
Once accepted, the manuscript will undergo professional copy-editing, English editing, proofreading by the authors, final corrections, pagination, and, publication on the www.mdpi.com website.
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Suggestion of Reviewers
During the submission process, authors have the possibility to suggest potential reviewers with the appropriate expertise to review the manuscript. The editors will not necessarily approach these referees. Please provide detailed contact information (address, homepage, phone, e-mail address). The proposed referees should neither be current collaborators of the co-authors nor have published with any of the co-authors of the manuscript within the last five years. Proposed reviewers should be from different institutions to the authors. You may identify appropriate Editorial Board members of the journal as potential reviewers. You may also suggest reviewers from among the authors that you frequently cite in your paper.
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English Corrections
This journal is published in English. To facilitate proper peer-reviewing of your manuscript, it is essential that it is submitted in grammatically correct English. If you are not a native English speaker, we strongly recommend that you have your manuscript professionally edited before submission or read by a native English-speaking colleague. Professional editing will mean that reviewers and future readers are better able to read and assess the content of your manuscript. An additional fee of 250 CHF (Swiss Francs) will be charged to authors if extensive English corrections must be done by the Editorial Office. For additional information see the English Editing Guidelines for Authors.
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Publication Ethics Statement
Symmetry is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). We fully adhere to its Code of Conduct and to its Best Practice Guidelines.
The editors of this journal take the responsibility to enforce a rigorous peer-review process together with strict ethical policies and standards to ensure to add high quality scientific works to the field of scholarly publication. Unfortunately, cases of plagiarism, data falsification, image manipulation, inappropriate authorship credit, and the like, do arise. The editors of Symmetry take such publishing ethics issues very seriously and are trained to proceed in such cases with a zero tolerance policy.
Authors wishing to publish their papers in Symmetry are asked to abide to the following rules:
- Any facts that might be perceived as a possible conflict of interest of the author(s) must be disclosed in the paper prior to submission.
- Authors should accurately present their research findings and include an objective discussion of the significance of their findings.
- Data and methods used in the research need to be presented in sufficient detail in the paper, so that other researchers can replicate the work.
- Raw data should preferably be publicly deposited by the authors before submission of their manuscript. Authors need to at least have the raw data readily available for presentation to the referees and the editors of the journal, if requested. Authors need to ensure appropriate measures are taken so that raw data is retained in full for a reasonable time after publication.
- Simultaneous submission of manuscripts to more than one journal is not tolerated.
- Republishing content that is not novel is not tolerated (for example, an English translation of a paper that is already published in another language will not be accepted).
- If errors and inaccuracies are found by the authors after publication of their paper, they need to be promptly communicated to the editors of this journal so that appropriate actions can be taken. Please refer to our policy regarding publication of publishing addenda and corrections.
- Your manuscript should not contain any information that has already been published. If you include already published figures or images, please obtain the necessary permission from the copyright holder to publish under the CC-BY license.
- Plagiarism, data fabrication and image manipulation are not tolerated.
- Plagiarism is not acceptable in Symmetry submissions.
Plagiarism includes copying text, ideas, images, or data from another source, even from your own publications, without giving any credit to the original source.
Reuse of text that is copied from another source must be between quotes and the original source must be cited. If a study's design or the manuscript's structure or language has been inspired by previous works, these works must be explicitly cited.
If plagiarism is detected during the peer review process, the manuscript may be rejected. If plagiarism is detected after publication, we may publish a correction or retract the paper.
- Image files must not be manipulated or adjusted in any way that could lead to misinterpretation of the information provided by the original image.
Irregular manipulation includes: 1) introduction, enhancement, moving, or removing features from the original image; 2) grouping of images that should obviously be presented separately (e.g., from different parts of the same gel, or from different gels); or 3) modifying the contrast, brightness or color balance to obscure, eliminate or enhance some information.
If irregular image manipulation is identified and confirmed during the peer review process, we may reject the manuscript. If irregular image manipulation is identified and confirmed after publication, we may correct or retract the paper.
Our in-house editors will investigate any allegations of publication misconduct and may contact the authors' institutions or funders if necessary. If evidence of misconduct is found, appropriate action will be taken to correct or retract the publication. Authors are expected to comply with the best ethical publication practices when publishing with MDPI.
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Supplementary Materials and Data Deposit
In order to maintain the integrity, transparency and reproducibility of research records, authors are strongly encouraged to make their experimental and research data openly available either by depositing into data repositories or by publishing the data and files as supplementary information in this journal. Additional data and files can be uploaded as "Supplementary Files" during the manuscript submission process. The supplementary files will also be available to the referees as part of the peer-review process, although referees are not specifically asked to review these files. Accepted file formats include (but are not limited to):
- data tables and spreadsheets (text files, MS Excel, OpenOffice, CSV, XML, etc.)
- text documents (text files, PDF, MS Word, OpenOffice, etc.; text documents will usually be converted to PDF files for publication)
- images (JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, BMP, etc.)
- videos (AVI, MPG, QuickTime, etc.)
- executables (EXE, Java, etc.)
- software source code
Citations and References in Supplementary files are permitted provided that they also appear in the main text and in the reference list.
Large data sets and files should be deposited to specialized service providers (such as Figshare) or institutional/subject repositories, preferably those that use the DataCite mechanism. For a list of specialized repositories for the deposit of scientific and experimental data, please consult databib.org or re3data.org. The data repository name, link to the data set (URL) and accession number, doi or handle number of the data set must be provided in the paper. The journal Data (ISSN 2306-5729) also accepts submissions of data set papers, and the publication of small data sets along with the paper, and/or software source codes is encouraged.
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Editorial Board
Journal ContactSymmetry Editorial Office MDPI AG, Klybeckstrasse 64, 4057 Basel, Switzerland E-Mail: symmetry@mdpi.comTel. +41 61 683 77 34; Fax: +41 61 302 89 18
Editorial Office
Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr. Slavik V. Jablan
ICT College, 11000 Belgrade, Zdravka Celara 16, Serbia
Tel. +381 11 2630170; Fax: +381 11 2186105
Website: http://en.ict.edu.rs/about_us/teaching_staff/jablan_slavik
E-Mail: slavik.jablan@ict.edu.rs
Interests: theory of symmetry; antisymmetry; colored symmetry; mathematical crystallography; knot theory; math-art; ornamental art and design; modularity in science and art
Assistant Editor
Ms. Ting Zhang
MDPI Haidian Office, Aerospace Cooperation Building, 8th Floor, No.99 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, China
Tel. +86 10 62800830
E-Mail: ting.zhang@mdpi.com
Production Editor
Dr. Martyn Rittman
MDPI AG, Klybeckstrasse 64, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
E-Mail: rittman@mdpi.com
Editorial Board
Prof. Dr. Cheryl Akner-Koler
Deptartment of Industrial Design, Konstfack University College of Arts, Crafts and Design, LM Ericssons väg 14, SE-126 27 Stockholm, Sweden
Tel. +46 8 450 41 00; Fax: +46 (0)70 279 83 76
Interests: theoretical and applied aesthetics; formgiving intelligence; complexity and transformation; art projects and product design education
Prof. Dr. David Avnir
Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
Tel. +972 2 658 5332; Fax: +972 2 652 0099
Website: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/avnir/
Interests: materials science; chirality; symmetry; catalysis; composite materials
Dr. David A. Becker
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
Tel. +1 305 348 3736; Fax: +1 305 348 3772
Website: http://chemistry.fiu.edu/faculty/david-becker/
Interests: azulenyl nitrones; spin trapping; neuroprotection; free radicals; morphogenesis; bilateral symmetry; cadherins; zygo-dodecahedral brain model; geometrical music theory
Contribution: Special Issue: Molecular Adhesion Codes in Geometric Regulation of Bilaterian Morphogenesis
Dr. Stephane Béllemin-Laponnaz
Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
Tel. +33(0)3 90 241 542
Interests: asymmetric catalysis; ligand synthesis; coordination chemistry; organometallic chemistry
Contribution: Special Issue: Asymmetric Catalysis and Transition-Metal Chemistry
Dr. Kenneth S. Berenhaut
Department of Mathematics, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
Tel. +1 336 758 5922; Fax: +1 336 758 7190
Website: http://college.wfu.edu/math/people/faculty/berenhaut
Interests: applied probability; convergence rates; mathematical inequalities; mathematical and statistical models; discrete dynamics; periodicities in sequences; statistical methodology; matrix inequalities; analytic, probabilistic and combinatorial number theory; discrete structures
Prof. Dr. Marco Bertamini
Visual Perception Lab, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
Website: http://www.liv.ac.uk/vp/marco.html
Interests: Shape perception; Naive physics; Multisensory perception; Evolutionary psychology
Prof. Dr. Johan Bijnens
Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, S 223 62 Lund, Sweden
Website: http://home.thep.lu.se/~bijnens/
Interests: nuclear and particle physics, especially hadronic and low-energy flavour physics.
Dr. Sergey Borisenko
Institute for Solid State Research, IFW-Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
Tel. +49 351 4659566; Fax: +49 351 4659313
Website: http://www.ifw-dresden.de/en/about-us/people/borisenko/
Interests: unconventional superconductivity; strongly correlated electron systems; angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES)
Contribution: Special Issue: Symmetries of Electronic Order
Dr. Victor Borovkov
Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Tel. +81 6 6879 4128; Fax: +81 6 6879 7923
Interests: induced chirality; chirality transfer; supramolecular chirality; chiral chromophores; circular dichroism; chiral materials and surfaces
Contribution: Special Issue: Supramolecular Chirality
Prof. Dr. Cheng-Wei Chiang
Department of Physics and Center for Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan and Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
Tel. +886 (0)3 280 4442; Fax: +886 (0)3 425 1175
Website: http://www.phy.ncu.edu.tw/~chengwei/
Interests: heavy quark systems; CP violation; electroweak theory; Higgs phenomenology, Z\' physics
Prof. Dr. David Cline
Physics & Astronomy Department, College of Letters & Sciences, UCLA, 3-166 Knudsen Hall, Box 951547, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USA
Website: http://personnel.physics.ucla.edu/directory/faculty/cline.htm
Interests: astroparticle physics; solar neutrino puzzle and nucleon decay; unique detection of primordial black holes; gamma-ray astronomy
Contribution: Special Issue: Symmetry of Life and Homochirality
Special Issue: Supersymmetry and Dark Matter
Dr. Radovan Dermisek
Physics Department, Indiana University, 727 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
Tel. +1 812 856 6918
Website: http://www.indiana.edu/~iubphys/research/faculty/Dermisek.shtml
Interests: electroweak symmetry breaking; supersymmetry; Higgs phenomenology; grand unified theory; flavor symmetry; origin of fermion masses and mixing
Prof. Dr. M. Lawrence Ellzey, Jr.
Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
Tel. +1 915 747 7557
Website: http://psci203d.utep.edu/
Interests: quantum chemistry; finite groups and their algebras; symmetry adaptation; computational methods; effective Hamiltonian methods; irreducible tensorial sets
Contribution: Special Issue: Symmetry Group Methods for Molecular Systems
Special Issue: Chemical Applications of Symmetry
Prof. Dr. Albert Ferrando
Departament d'Òptica, Universitat de València, Interdisciplinary Modeling Group, InterTech. Dr Moliner, 50 E-46100 Burjassot (València), Spain
Tel. +34 96 354 4765; Fax: +34 96 354 4715
Website: http://www.intertech.upv.es/
Interests: computational photonics; discrete symmetry and solitons; singular optics; nonlinear plasmonics; symmetry in cold atoms; nonlinear quantum electrodynamics
Prof. Dr. Angel Garrido
Department of Fundamental Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, UNED, Paseo Senda del Rey No. 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Tel. +34 91 6103797; Fax: +34 91 3987237
Website: http://www.telefonica.net/web2/angabu
Interests: mathematical analysis; measure theory; fuzzy measures, in particular symmetry and entropy; graph theory; discrete mathematics; automata theory; mathematical education; heuristics; automata theory; artificial intelligence
Contribution: Special Issue: Symmetry Measures on Complex Networks
Prof. Dr. Karl Grammer
Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Austria
Tel. +43 1 4277 54766; Fax: +43 1 4277 9547
Website: http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/
Interests: geometric morphometrics; computer supported analysis and simulation of human behaviour; human ethology
Prof. Dr. Hans Grimmer
Laboratory for Developments and Methods, Condensed Matter Research with Neutrons and Muons, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5234 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Tel. +41 56 310 2421; Fax: +41 56 310 2939
Interests: symmetry of crystals; magnetic symmetry; anisotropy of physical properties in crystals; coincidence site lattices; twinning
Prof. Dr. Shoichi Kai
Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, and Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
Tel. +81 92 802 3527; Fax: +81 92 802 3531
Interests: pattern formation; bifurcation; instability due to symmetry; nonlinear dynamics; rhythm in life systems; symmetry breaking phenomena
Prof. Louis H. Kauffman
Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 60607-7045, USA
Website: http://homepages.math.uic.edu/~kauffman/
Interests: geometric topoloogy; classical knot theory; virtual knot theory; higher dimensional knot theory; quantum knots; topological quantum field theory; quantum computing; topological quantum computing; diagrammatic and categorical approaches to mathematical structure
Contribution: Special Issue: Diagrams, Topology, Categories and Logic
Prof. Dr. Sidney F.A. Kettle
School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Interests: molecular symmetry; symmetry and structure
Prof. Dr. Takeshi Koshiba
Area of Informatics, Division of Mathematics, Electronics and Informatics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
Website: http://www.tcs.ics.saitama-u.ac.jp/~koshiba/
Interests: theory of cryptography; randomness and computation; quantum computation; computational complexity
Contribution: Special Issue: Symmetry in Theoretical Computer Science
Prof. Dr. Vladik Kreinovich
Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
Website: http://www.cs.utep.edu/vladik/
Prof. Dr. Rémi Léandre
Laboratoire de Mathématiques, Université de Franche-Comté, route de Gray, 25000 Besançon, France
Tel. +33 3 8039 5855
Website: http://lmb.univ-fcomte.fr/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=295
Interests: stochastic methods in mathematical physics; probability and analysis
Prof. Dr. Malcolm Levitt FRS
School of Chemistry, Room 27:2025, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England, UK
Tel. +44 23 8059 6753; +44 77 6652 2964 (mobile); Fax: +44 23 8059 3781
Website: http://www.malcolmhlevitt.com/
Interests: magnetic resonance; time-dependent quantum mechanics
Prof. Dr. Miao Li
The Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhong Guan Cun Dong Lu 55, Beijing 100190, China
Tel. +86 10 62550892
Website: http://www.itp.ac.cn/~mli
Interests: string theory; theoretical cosmology
Prof. Dr. Klaus Mainzer
Lehrstuhl für Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie, Direktor der Carl von Linde-Akademie, Technische Universität München, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80333 München, Germany
Tel. +49 (0)89 2 89 2 53 60; Fax: +49 (0)89 2 89 2 53 62
Website: http://www.mcts.tum.de/en/cvl-a/philwiss/mitarbeiter/klaus-mainzer/
Interests: philosophy of science; symmetry and complexity
Contribution: Special Issue: Complexity and Symmetry
Prof. Dr. Saeid Nahavandi
Alfred Deakin Professor, Chair in Engineering; Director, Centre for Intelligent Systems Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong 3217, Australia
Tel. +61 3 5227 1231; Fax: +61 3 5227 1046
Website: http://www.deakin.edu.au/itri/cisr/
Interests: modelling; simulation and control of engineered systems; robotics, haptics and human machine interface
Prof. Dr. Emeka Nkenke
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Halle University Hospital, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
Tel. +49 9131 8534201; Fax: +49 9131 8535922
Website: http://www.mkg-chirurgie.uk-erlangen.de/e1585/e30/e260/index_ger.html
Interests: morphable models; prediction of facial soft tissue changes; craniofacial malformations; cleft lip and palate surgery; orthognathic surgery; head and neck oncology
Prof. Dr. Yasunori Nomura
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7300, USA
Website: http://physics.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/yasunori-nomura
Interests: particle physics theory; cosmology; quantum gravity
Prof. Dr. Sergei D. Odintsov
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) and Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, Facultat de Ciencies, Torre C5-Par-2a pl, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
Tel. +34 93 5814368; Fax: +34 93 5814363
Website: http://www.ice.csic.es/en/view_staff.php?MID=41&ap=1
Interests: cosmology; dark energy and inflation; quantum gravity; modified gravity and beyond general relativity; quantum fields at external fields
Contribution: In other journals:
Special Issue: Modified Gravity: From Black Holes Entropy to Current Cosmology
Special Issue: Modified Gravity Cosmology: From Inflation to Dark Energy
Prof. Dr. Antonio Palacios
Department of Mathematics, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-7720, USA
Website: http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~antoniop/research/research.html
Interests: applied mathematics, bifurcations, symmetries, pattern formation and coupled nonlinear oscillators
Contribution: Special Issue: Symmetry Breaking
Dr. Richard Palmer
Systematics and Evolution Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
Tel. +1 780 492 3633; Fax: +1 780 492 9234
Website: http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/palmer/palmer.html
Interests: animal asymmetry; morphological asymmetry; antisymmetry; evolution of development; handed behavior; developmental plasticity; symmetry-breaking during development
Dr. Marco Picariello
Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca c/o IISS L. Vanvitelli, Via Ronca, 83047 Lioni (AV), Italy
Tel. +39 0832 29 7612; Fax: +39 0832 29 7467
Website: http://www.le.infn.it/~picariel/
Interests: conservation laws; standard model; local and global symmetries; symmetry breaking; supersymmetry and supergravity
Dr. Joel Ratsaby
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University Center, Ariel 40700, Israel
Tel. +972 03 907 6587
Website: http://www.ariel.ac.il/sites/ratsaby
Interests: discrete applied mathematics; statistical learning theory; pattern recognition and classification; machine learning
Dr. Yuka Sasaki
Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Box 1821, 190 Thayer Street Providence, RI 02912, USA
Interests: unconscious brain activity; visual/motor skill learning during wakefulness and sleep; non-invasive neuroimaging techniques including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Contribution: Special Issue: Symmetry and Beauty
Special Issue: Visual Symmetry
Dr. Michael Schlame
NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
Tel. +1 212 263 5072
Website: http://www.med.nyu.edu/research/schlam01.html
Interests: biological membranes; cardiolipin; mitochondria; phospholipids; stereochemistry; thermodynamics
Prof. Dr. Egon Schulte
Northeastern University, Department of Mathematics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Website: http://www.math.neu.edu/people/profile/egon-schulte
Interests: discrete and combinatorial geometry; combinatorics; group theory; graph theory
Contribution: Special Issue: Polyhedra
Prof. Dr. Vladimir Shpilrain
Department of Mathematics, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
Tel. +1 212 6505158
Website: http://www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/~shpil/
Interests: computational complexity; cryptography and information security: authentication; protocols; zero-knowledge proofs,; data privacy protection; combinatorial and computational group theory; theory of algorithms; affine algebraic geometry; knot theory
Prof. Dr. Ming-Liang Tong
School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
Tel. +86 20 8411 0966; Fax: +86 20 8411 2245
Interests: functional metal-organic framework solids; crystal engineering of molecular architectures; magnetic metal cluster; supramolecular chirality
Prof. Dr. Soren Toxvaerd
DNRF Centre of Viscous Liquid Dynamics \"Glass and Time\", Building 27, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Tel. +45 4674 2062
Website: http://dirac.ruc.dk/~st
Interests: highly viscous liquids; phase transitions; phase separation and nucleation dynamics; self assembly in complex systems; origin of homochirality; molecular dynamics simulations of complex physical, chemical and biological systems
Prof. Dr. Svetlana Tsogoeva
Institut für Organische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Tel. +49 9131 85 22541; Fax: +49 9131 85 26865
Website: http://www.chemie.uni-erlangen.de/tsogoeva/
Interests: asymmetric organocatalysis and organo-autocatalysis; synthesis of natural product hybrids for medicinal chemistry; redox-active metal complexes for asymmetric oxidation reactions
Contribution: Special Issue: Asymmetric Organocatalysis
Special Issue: Asymmetric Catalysis
Dr. Christopher W. Tyler
Smith-Kettlewell Brain Imaging Center, Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, 2318 Fillmore Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
Tel. +1 415 345 2105; Fax: +1 415 345 8455
Website: http://www.ski.org/cwt
Interests: human symmetry perception; mathematical systems analysis; complexity theory; texture analysis; self-referential systems; symmetry in art; consciousness
Contribution: Special Issue: Symmetry Processing in Perception and Art
Special Issue: Symmetry: Theory and Applications in Vision
Prof. Marlos Viana
University of Illinois at Chicago Eye Center, 1855 W. Taylor Street M/C 648, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
Tel. +1 312 996 8384; Fax: +1 312 413 7376
Website: http://tigger.uic.edu/~viana/
Interests: symmetry-derived algebraic methods for data analysis; symmetry studies; applications of algebraic methods to statistics and probability with applications in physics (optics); molecular biology (symbolic sequences)
Contribution: Special Issue: Symmetry in Probability and Inference
Dr. T. Joel Wade
Department of Psychology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA
Tel. +1 570 577 1200; Fax: +1 570-577-7007
Website: http://www.bucknell.edu/x16784.xml
Interests: symmetry and human attractiveness, symmetry and human mate selection, symmetry and human mating decisions/behaviors
Prof. Dr. Steven Weinberg *
Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1600, Austin, TX 78712-0264, USA
Tel. +1 512 471 4394; Fax: +1 512 471 4888
Website: http://www.ph.utexas.edu/~weintech/weinberg.html
Interests: particle physics; unification of fundamental interactions; cosmology; astrophysics; supersymmetry; supergravity
* Prof. Dr. Steven Weinberg is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1979
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