期刊名称：JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
 期刊简介(About the journal)
投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)
编辑部信息(Editorial Board)
About the journal
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The Journal of Medical Microbiology (JMM) is published by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins for the Society for General Microbiology (SGM), a learned society that promotes microbiology at all levels.
JMM provides high-quality comprehensive coverage of medical, dental and veterinary microbiology and infectious diseases, including bacteriology, virology, mycology and parasitology. Each issue contains up-to-the-minute editorials, in-depth review articles, original papers presenting research findings, and brief reports and technical notes. JMM is essential reading for all concerned with medical microbiology and infectious diseases, and a first-choice vehicle for the publication of research findings. It publishes papers under the following subject categories:
- Editorials
- Review articles
- Pathogenicity and virulence
- Host response
- Diagnostics, typing and identification
- Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
- Epidemiology
- Clinical microbiology and virology
- Veterinary microbiology
- Oral microbiology
- Models of infection
- Human and animal microbial ecology
- Case reports
- Correspondence
Review articles and Editorials are recognized by the Royal College of Pathologists for its Continuing Professional Development (CPD) scheme.
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Instructions to Authors
Online submissions
Authors are encouraged to use our PDF-based online submission and peer-review system, ESPERE, which will become compulsory during 2004. The benefits of online submission include reduced time taken to give you a decision and savings in courier and postal charges. Papers should be prepared as described in these Instructions, but to aid in online reviewing it is particularly important to provide continuous line numbering in the PDF file. Please also be as economical as possible with the layout of your paper in order to minimize costs for the Editors and referees.
For postal submissions, send:
- Three copies of the manuscript, single-sided and double-spaced, and with continuous line numbering to aid online reviewing. Do not send a disk containing the manuscript at this stage.
- One printers' set of any line drawings or halftone photographs (not photocopies), plus three reviewers' sets.
- Database accession number for, or a disk (no hardcopies) containing, the new sequence(s) covered in the paper, if any; if an accession number is given, the data must be available to reviewers.
- Two copies of any papers cited as ‘accepted for publication?or ‘in press?
- Written permission for any personal communications.
To:
JMM Editorial Office
Society for General Microbiology
Marlborough House
Basingstoke Road
Spencers Wood
Reading RG7 1AG
UK
Any queries should be directed to Dr Aidan Parte (Managing Editor) or Dr Robin Dunford (Deputy Managing Editor) at the Editorial Office. e-mail: jmm@sgm.ac.uk
Tel: +44 118 988 1815
Fax: +44 118 988 1834
1 Scope. The Journal of Medical Microbiology (JMM) provides comprehensive international coverage of medical, dental and veterinary microbiology and infectious diseases, including bacteriology, virology, mycology and parasitology. It publishes papers under the following subject categories:
- Editorials
- Review articles
- Pathogenicity and virulence
- Host response
- Diagnostics, typing and identification
- Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
- Epidemiology
- Clinical microbiology and virology
- Veterinary microbiology
- Oral microbiology
- Models of infection
- Human and animal microbial ecology
- Case reports
- Correspondence
2 Originality, authorship and copyright. Any papers submitted to the journal must represent reports of original research, and the original data must be available for review by the Editors if necessary. Papers are considered for publication on the understanding that (a) they report unpublished work that is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; (b) all named authors have agreed to the submission; and (c) if the paper is accepted for publication in JMM, all the authors (or other copyright holder) will assign to the Society for General Microbiology (SGM) the copyright (including electronic reproduction rights) of the paper, which will then not be published elsewhere in the same form, in any language or medium, without the written consent of the SGM.
3 Page charges and offprints. There are no page charges. Authors receive 25 offprints free; further copies may be purchased in multiples of 25.
4 Proof corrections. Papers should be written to the highest standard before submission: the proof stage must not be regarded as an opportunity to correct careless errors. Excessive correction of factual or careless mistakes on proofs may be charged to the authors.
5 Editorial handling of papers. Submitted papers are sent by the Editorial Office to an Editor, and are normally evaluated by at least two experts in the field as well as by the Editor. In determining suitability for publication, the following considerations, among others, are taken into account. (i) Is the paper within the scope of the JMM? (ii) Are the title and the summary brief and to the point? (iii) Is the scientific content sufficiently high? (iv) Is the text written in a concise and lucid manner, and is it arranged according to these Instructions? (v) Is the textual matter placed in the proper sections? (vi) Is the Methods section complete and accurate? (vii) Are the tables necessary, and if so, are they easily understood? (viii) Are the figures necessary, and if so, are they of high quality? (ix) Are the conclusions valid?
Papers returned for revision that have not been resubmitted within 40 days of the author receiving the request for revision are treated as new submissions and given a new date of receipt. If a paper is rejected, only one copy and a set of figures will normally be returned to the author; the other copies will be destroyed unless their return was requested at the time of submission.
6 Ethics of human and animal experimentation. Papers describing any experimental work with humans should include a statement that the Ethical Committee of the institution in which the work was done has approved it, and that the subjects gave informed consent to the work.
Experiments with animals should be done in accordance with the legal requirements of the relevant local or national authority. Procedures should be such that experimental animals do not suffer unnecessarily. Papers should include details of the procedures and of anaesthetics used.
The Editors will not accept papers where the ethical aspects are, in their opinion, open to doubt.
7 Supplementary data. Authors have the facility to attach supplementary data files (e.g. extensive tables of taxonomic data, figures such as large phylogenetic trees, sequence alignments, colour pictures, movies, etc.) to their paper in JMM Online. Click here to browse the supplementary data in JMM Online. This facility should be used to shorten papers wherever possible, and also to enhance papers. This material may be submitted at the same time as the main paper and should be clearly identified; it should significantly enhance the paper. The Editors may insist that figures or tables that the author has included within a paper should be converted into supplementary data.
Supplementary data are, and will continue to be, freely available to all readers regardless of whether they have a subscription to JMM Online. It is the SGM's policy to maintain the online journals and the supplementary data therein in perpetuity.
The text of the paper should normally contain a reference to the supplementary material, along the lines of 'A sequence alignment is available as supplementary data in JMM Online (http://jmm.sgmjournals.org)'.
A short text description should be supplied for each supplementary data item. This can be just a heading, or a more detailed explanation, as appropriate.
File types and formatting for supplementary data. Almost any file type can be used for supplementary data. The file type(s) should be indicated by the author on submission. Authors should try to avoid files that require unusual software, because these will be of limited use to readers. Very large files (more than about 2 Mb) should also be avoided where possible because they can be slow to download.
Sequence data should preferably be submitted as output from the alignment program, i.e. plain text.
Line figures should preferably be supplied as GIFs (.gif), and photographs as JPEGs (.jpg), because these are easy to download.
8 Cover illustrations. The Editors welcome the submission of striking pictures, preferably in colour, for possible use on the front cover, and will pay ?5 towards expenses for each one used. Pictures need not be linked to a paper in the journal.
9 Submission of papers in electronic form. Accepted manuscripts (including tables) of all types are copy-edited as word-processor files, so authors must provide their paper in this form on acceptance. A hard copy must also be provided (see above). The electronic version of the paper must exactly match the final, accepted version of the paper. If any differences are noticed, the hard copy will be taken as correct.
All computer files and disks sent to the Editorial Office must be scanned with up-to-date antivirus software.
Short Communications. Short Communications are reviewed to the same standard as Full papers. Each Short Communication must have a brief summary. Standard section headings (Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion) may be used, but see the instructions below for guidance as to content. The text should be kept to a minimum and if possible should not exceed 2000 words; references, figures and tables should also be kept to a minimum. Present acknowledgements as in Full papers. The References section is identical in format to that of Full papers.
Short Communications and Full papers. Papers must be written in clear and concise English, normally in the past tense, and should normally comprise: (a) Title page, including keywords; (b) Summary; (c) Introduction; (d) Methods; (e) Results and Discussion; (f) Acknowledgements, if any; (g) References. Figures and tables must only be used to illustrate essential data that cannot easily be described in the text.
Style and layout. Authors should consult a recent (2000–on) issue of IJSEM or Microbiology for guidance on the layout of headings, tables, etc. More detailed guidance on the presentation of individual sections is given below. This includes some hints on how to improve the impact of a paper by appropriate presentation.
Title page. This should carry the following information.
Summary. This section is likely to be read by more people than the full paper, and many abstracting services use authors' summaries without modification. It is therefore important that this section is clear and comprehensible in its own right. References should not be cited, and any non-standard abbreviations used must be defined.
Introduction. This section should be very brief (approx. 350 words) and must not contain a detailed summary of the results.
Methods. This section should describe only important novel details, not standard methods; these can often be replaced by a statement such as 'standard methods were used' or by the appropriate reference. The suppliers of chemicals and equipment should be indicated only if this may affect the results. Suppliers' addresses should not be given unless this is considered essential for a particular reason.
Results and Discussion. This should be a single section (i.e. not split into a Results section and a Discussion section) There should be sufficient subheadings to make clear how the work was organized. If new names or combinations are proposed, the formal description should appear at the end of this section. In order to save space in the journal, the amount of repetition of data between the Results and Discussion section and the Tables must be kept to an absolute minimum.
Reproducibility. It should be stated how many times an experiment was repeated and whether means or representative results are shown. Variability should be indicated statistically wherever possible; when error terms are given, the measure of dispersion and the number of observations should be stated. Statistical techniques used must be specified, and where necessary they should be described fully or a reference given. If results are expressed as percentages, the absolute value corresponding to 100% should be stated.
DNA base composition. The DNA base composition should be should be reported as G+C content in mol% only to the nearest significant digit.
Presentation of strain data. Present the characteristics of each strain in the text if practical or in a strain table if the list is complex. Only differential data should appear in Tables. Obviously, with very large numbers of strains, it may not be practical to provide individual strain data (see Supplementary data); instead, cite the percentage of strains that gave a positive or negative result for each character determined.
References. For papers destined for the January 2003 issue onwards, the citation style and reference list format will be in the style of IJSEM/Microbiology: all papers submitted must use the name–year system.
References in the text should be cited as follows: two authors, Smith & Jones (2002) or (Smith & Jones, 2002); three or more authors, Smith et al. (2002) or (Smith et al., 2002). References to papers by the same author(s) in the same year should be distinguished in the text and the reference list by the letters a, b, etc. (e.g. 2002a or 2002a, b).
References at the end of the paper must be given in alphabetical order, except for papers with three or more authors, which should be listed in chronological order after any other papers by the first author. References must include the title of the paper as well as both initial and final page numbers. Titles of journals should be abbreviated according to the system followed by BIOSIS Serial Sources. No stops should be used after abbreviated words.
References to books should include year of publication, title (in full), edition, editor(s) (if any), town of publication and publisher, in that order. When the reference is to a particular part of a book, the inclusive page numbers and, if appropriate, chapter title, must be given. Examples of journal and book references are given in the At-a-glance style guide. Please pay particular attention to the style of book citations, especially the order of the editors' surnames and initials.
A lot of time in the Editorial Office is spent checking references ?whether cited references are listed (and vice versa), spelling of authors names, year of publication, journal title, etc. It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy of this information, which is becoming increasingly important with the advent of interjournal linking via the Internet.
Only papers accepted for publication but not yet published may be cited as ‘in press?in the reference list and must be accompanied by the title of the paper and the name of the journal. Two copies of relevant papers cited as ‘in press?should be enclosed with the submitted manuscript.
References to papers not yet accepted should be cited in the text as unpublished results, giving the surname(s) and initials of all of the author(s). Such papers should not appear in the list of references.
- Written permission for any personal communications or citations of other workers' unpublished results must be provided at the time of submission.
References to personal communications, web sites, sequence databases, suppliers' catalogues, etc., should not appear in the list.
Tables. These should be broadly comprehensible without reference to the text, but repetition of methods descriptions should be avoided.
Footnote symbols should not be used in table headings. If a footnote symbol is attached to a heading, the footnote should probably be converted to a legend (see below)
It is not obligatory to have a legend, but general information that applies to the whole table (experimental conditions, methods of data analysis, etc.) should be given in this form. Symbols that apply to the whole table (such as +, ? v) should normally be defined in the legend.
The symbols * ?????# should be used for footnotes, rather than superscript letters or numbers.
When results are expressed as percentages, the absolute value(s) corresponding to 100% must be stated. Statements of reproducibility should be included (see Reproducibility of results).
Figures. These must be selected to illustrate specific points. They should not be used to present results that can be described by a brief statement in the text. The legend(s) should be on a separate sheet to the figure(s). The points outlined above for tables regarding comprehensibility, relative values and reproducibility also apply to figures and their legends.
Lettering and size of figures. Lettering should be in a sans-serif font such as Gill, Helvetica or Frutiger, except in the case of sequence data where a non-proportional font such as Courier may be used. Figures should be designed so that there is a minimal amount of blank space in the journal following reduction of the whole figure to 84, 105 or 176 mm wide: figures will be reduced in size as much as possible, and normally to 84 mm. The size of the lettering should be such that it can withstand this reduction. The maximum printed size for a figure, including the legend, is 176 mm wide x 235 mm high.
Figures are classified here under the headings line drawings, bar diagrams, sequence data, photographs, digitally generated images and colour photographs.
Line drawings. These should be of a quality suitable for direct reproduction and approximately twice the size that they will appear. High-quality laser prints on paper, rather than glossy photographs, should be provided. Line thicknesses and symbol sizes should be sufficient to allow for reduction (normally about 0.4 mm and 2? mm, respectively). The preferred symbols for graphs are  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  . Graph lines should not appear inside open symbols. Where possible, the same symbol should be used for the same quantity in different figures. The scale-marks on graphs should be inside the axes.
Tints (i.e. shading made up of fine dots) should not be used in line drawings, because they do not reproduce clearly when printed in the journal. Solid black/white or broad hatching is better.
Three reviewers' copies of each figure must be supplied. A top set of figures must also be provided for use by the printers.
- Where possible, supply line drawings, bar diagrams and sequence data on disk as EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) files. Do not supply as PostScript files as these cannot be used by the printers. Use of EPS files should result in higher quality reproduction in the journal.
Bar diagrams. Simple bar diagrams reporting only a few values are normally unnecessary; the data should instead be given in a table or in the text. It is editorial policy not to publish bar diagrams with ‘three-dimensional?bars unless there is a specific justification for their use. Tints should not be used as shading for bars (see above).
Sequence data.The journal will not normally publish such data. The results of nucleic acid and protein sequence analyses should be presented concisely with little or no redundancy. For partial sequences, the number of bases determined and regions sequenced should be specified. For phylogenetic analyses, the number of positions, portion of the sequence analysed, and taxa should be specified. Figures showing full gene sequences are not published ( see section below for guidelines).
If included, figures representing nucleotide or amino acid sequences should be in high-quality camera-ready form, with numbering of nucleotides or amino acid residues at appropriate intervals. Tints should not be used to highlight parts of sequences. For adequate legibility, the height of the characters should be not less than 1.5? mm (or 6? point). For printing at full page width with this size of type, a layout with 80?00 nucleotides per line is appropriate (or 60?0 if there are spaces between the codons). For a single-column layout, 50?0 nucleotides per line is about right. The spacing between the lines of sequence should be as close as is consistent with clarity. Note that sequence data must be submitted to on of the sequence databases ( see section below).
Matrices and trees. Similarity or distance matrices should not be presented unless specific features of the entire table are discussed. However, representative similarity values should be presented in the text. In taxonomic papers, trees should only be included for showing the importance of a phylogenetic analysis to a taxonomic description; the size of trees should be reduced - only nearest neighbours should be included, but the authors should, in the legend or Methods, list the other taxa (including strain and sequence accession numbers) used to generate the tree. Full matrices and trees may be attached as supplementary data to the published paper in JMM Online.
Trees must include the names of organisms, their strain number (with type strains indicated where appropriate by a superscript capital T) and sequence accession number (space permitting). The size and style of font and width of lines should be such that the figure can be reduced as much as possible. It is important to ensure the accuracy of names (check them in the List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature when making the final revision of the paper) and accession numbers in trees, as correction is expensive and may lead to the introduction of further errors.
Photographs. These should be well-contrasted prints and approximately final size. For micrographs, magnification should be shown by a bar marker. Photographs may be grouped to form a composite picture; to avoid loss of definition the component parts should be submitted as separate prints (but mounted on card or thick paper), rather than being rephotographed in the composite arrangement.
Three reviewers' copies of each photograph must be supplied; these should be photographic prints, not photocopies. A top set of prints must also be provided for use by the printers.
Digitally generated images. Authors' printed output from digitally generated halftone images often reproduce poorly in the journal. The ‘screening?process used by the journal's printers to produce halftone illustrations converts the image into a pattern of dots. When this process is applied to an image that already consists of dots, as for scans, the two dot patterns often interfere and produce unacceptable results.
To avoid these problems, authors may submit their digital halftones in electronic form. For this purpose, the figures must be saved as ‘raw?TIFF files of the images as output by the scanner or digital camera. Labels, pointers, etc., must not be added to these files: they should instead be indicated on a printout (this is to avoid problems of incompatibility between authors' and printers' software). Graphics files should be supplied on a separate disk(s) from the text of the paper, with the filename(s) clearly indicated. Four hard-copy printouts of each figure must be supplied, one unlabelled and the others with the positions of any labels clearly marked. The printers will attempt to use all graphics sent to them on disk, but they cannot guarantee to do this. If the graphics files cannot be used, the printers will use the unlabelled printout as artwork and the labelled printout as a guide; the printouts should therefore be of the highest possible resolution (>300 d.p.i).
Colour photographs. These are accepted, at the discretion of the Editors, only if they are essential for an understanding of the work described. The printers can produce black-and-white photographs from colour prints if necessary, but this is not recommended. Colour versions of black-and-white photographs may be attached as supplementary data to the published paper in JMM Online.
All types of paper should be submitted online or in triplicate to the Editorial Office; all papers are subject to peer review.
Editorials. Editorials should be brief summaries (limit of 4 printed pages including references) of developments in fast-moving and topical areas. They may address any subject within the scope of the JMM; they are usually solicited but may be proffered by authors responding to a recognized need.
Reviews. Reviews should be brief summaries (limit of 6 printed pages excluding references) of developments in fast-moving areas, and must include a Summary section. They must be based on published articles; they are usually solicited but may be proffered by authors responding to a recognized need.
Case Reports. Case Reports are brief papers describing interesting and novel diagnoses, investigations and/or treatment of infectious diseases in humans or animals. Case Reports must have a Summary section, are limited to 4 printed pages including references, and may include a maximum of 2 figures and 2 tables.
Correspondence. The Correspondence section is where readers of JMM can communicate their personal observations and opinions, including reports on interesting disease outbreaks, useful methodologies, new theories or alternative interpretations of others' work; papers are usually 2, and no more than 4, printed pages including references.
Only those names of bacteria that were included in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (amended edition) (edited by V. B. D. Skerman, V. McGowan & P. H. A. Sneath) and the Index of the Bacterial and Yeast Nomenclatural Changes Published in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology since the 1980 Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (1 January 1980? January 1989) (edited by W. E. C. Moore & L. V. H. Moore), both published by the American Society for Microbiology in 1989, and those that have been validly published in the IJSB/IJSEM since 1 January 1989 have standing in nomenclature. Non-valid names must be enclosed in quotation marks and an appropriate statement concerning the nomenclatural status of the name should be made in the text (for an example, see Int J Syst Bacteriol30, 547?56, 1980).
Internet resources. A List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature is updated by J. Euzéby shortly after the publication of each issue of the IJSEM. Bacterial Nomenclature Up-to-Date, a DSMZ resource, is also very useful.
Please check all names, even common ones, before submission and during revision.
The following may also be useful:
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Vol. 1 (1984), edited by N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt; vol. 2 (1986), edited by P. H. A. Sneath, N. S. Mair, M. E. Sharpe & J. G. Holt; vol. 3 (1989), edited by J. T. Staley, M. P. Bryant, N. Pfennig & J. G. Holt; vol. 4 (1989), edited by S. T. Williams, M. E. Sharpe & J. G. Holt. Volume One of the second edition (2001), covering the Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria (edited by D. R. Boone, R. W. Castenholz & G. M. Garrity), has now been published by Springer.
Type strains. All type strains must be indicated at each occurrence in the text, tables and figures by a superscript capital T (e.g. ATCC 13546T = IJSM 0819T). The Code requires the designation of a type strain for a new species and recommends the deposition of a culture, the type strain. Type strains of cultivable species must be deposited in at least two or more public culture collections from two or more countries and accession numbers must be provided. An extensive listing of culture collections is available on-line.
Patent strains. Authors must inform the Editors, and must indicate in the paper, whenever strains under study are involved in a patent process. Strains other than the type strain should carry the superscript ‘PP?if a patent is pending and ‘P?if a patent has been issued for a type or any other strain.
Although names of genera and higher categories may stand alone to refer to the taxa with which they are associated, specific and subspecific epithets may not. A generic name followed by a specific epithet should be spelled out the first time it is used in the text; subsequently, it may be abbreviated to its capitalized initial letter if the context makes the meaning clear. If there are several generic names in the text with the same initial letter, the names should be spelled out at each occurrence.
Vernacular names. Generic names are singular Latin nouns and do not take a plural verb. Authors should avoid the use of a generic name alone when the reference is to the members of the genus. Thus, ‘The strains (species or cultures) of Salmonella are…’ not ‘the Salmonella are…’. The latter implies more than one generic name Salmonella.
Many micro-organisms are known by their vernacular (common) names as well as by their scientific names. The vernacular name for an organism may vary from language to language or from place to place, even within the same country. There are no rules governing the use of vernacular names.
It is often convenient to use vernacular names coined from the generic names. In these forms, the initial capital letters are dropped and italics are not used. For plural forms of vernacular names, Latin or other plural endings are used, depending primarily on euphony. Thus, the vernacular singular for a member of the genus Spirillum is spirillum, and the plural generally used in the English language is spirilla (Latin plural), not spirillums (English plural). Occasionally, more than one common name arises from a generic name, such as treponema (plural treponemata or treponemas) and treponeme (plural treponemes) from Treponema.
Use only correct names of taxa. Although an organism may have a number of correct names, depending on its taxonomic placement, use one particular name consistently; if there are objections to its use, cite this name as a synonym. Taxa above the rank of genus must be written in roman. In all taxonomic matters, such as those exemplified for the bacteria, the relevant Code of nomenclature should be followed. For yeasts, authors should use the nomenclature employed in The Yeasts: a Taxonomic Study, 4th edn (1998) (Edited by C. P. Kurtzman & J. W. Fell. Amsterdam: Elsevier), and in Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification, 3rd edn (2000) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). If an author disagrees with this nomenclature, the first use of a scientific name in the text and in the Summary should be followed by the name, in parentheses, as given in The Yeasts.
Names should follow the standard nomenclature set out by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2000). Edited by M. H. V. Van Regenmortel, C. M. Fauquet, D. H. L. Bishop, E. B. Carstens, M. K. Estes, S. M. Lemon, D. J. McGeoch, J. Maniloff, M. A. Mayo, C. R. Pringle & R. B. Wickner. San Diego: Academic Press]. This volume also includes the standard abbreviations for viruses. Where appropriate a precise strain designation should be included.
Formal taxonomic nomenclature. In formal taxonomic usage, the first letters of virus order, family, subfamily, genus and species names are capitalized and the terms are printed in italics. Other words in the species name are not capitalized unless they are proper nouns or parts of proper nouns. Examples of correct spelling and typographical style for the corresponding taxonomic entities are Tobacco mosaic virus, Poliovirus and Murray River encephalitis virus (River is a proper noun).
Italics and capital letters need to be used only if the species name refers to a taxonomic category. Taxonomic names are not appropriate when referring to physical entities such as virions. Here, names are written in lower-case roman type. This corresponds to informal vernacular usage and is appropriate, for instance, when picornaviruses (not italicized) or poliovirus particles are being centrifuged or are visualized in a microscope. This also applies when the names are used in adjectival form, for instance tobacco mosaic virus polymerase.
The use of italics when referring to the name of a species as a taxonomic entity will clearly signal that it has the status of an officially recognized species. When the taxonomic status of a new putative species is uncertain or its positioning within an established genus has not been clarified, it will be considered a 'tentative' species and its name will not be given in italics, although its initial letter will be capitalized.
In formal taxonomic usage, the name of the taxon precedes the term for the taxonomic unit (e.g. 'the family Paramyxoviridae', 'the genus Morbillivirus'). The following are examples of taxonomic terminology: family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus, Poliovirus 1; family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus.
Vernacular virus nomenclature. In informal vernacular usage, virus order, family, subfamily, genus and species names are written in lower-case roman type; they are not capitalized, printed in italics or underlined. In informal usage, the name of the taxon should not include the formal suffix, and the name should follow the term for the taxonomic unit (e.g. the picornavirus family, the enterovirus genus). The use of vernacular terms should not lead to unnecessary ambiguity or loss of precision in virus identification. In particular, care must be taken over the hierarchical level being cited: thus the vernacular name 'paramyxovirus' might refer to the family Paramyxoviridae, the genus Paramyxovirus, or one of the species in that genus. The solution is to avoid 'jumping' hierarchical levels and to add taxon identification whenever needed.
In the absence of a detailed discussion of specific structural features, the nucleotide sequence or proposed secondary structure should not be presented. Such papers should be accompanied by substantial additional experimentation to characterize the gene(s) and products(s) concerned, and by substantial computer analysis. JMM will not normally publish DNA sequences from double-stranded genomes unless both strands have been sequenced independently.
JMM will not publish figures whose principal function is to present primary sequence data, since the data can be accessed through the databases. To merit publication, sequence figures must be justified by the additional annotation they present; they should normally be limited to regions of particular interest. Sequence alignments of nucleic acids and proteins may be presented using the supplementary data facility in JMM Online. To assist the reviewers, authors must send a disk version of the complete sequence covered by their paper at the time of submission if it is not available from a public database. If avaliable via a database the authors must clearly indicate which database and ensure that it is available at the time of review. It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy of this information, which is becoming increasingly important with the advent of inter-resource linking via the Internet.
Papers reporting new sequence data will not be published unless the sequence has an accession number from one of the public databases (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ or PIR).
Submitted manuscripts containing sequence data should include, on the title page, the footnote ‘The GenBank[/EMBL/DDBJ] accession number for the [16S rRNA/rDNA/gyrA, etc.] sequence of XXXXX is XX00000?
Chemical and biochemical. Authors should follow the recommendations of IUPAC for chemical nomenclature, and those of the Nomenclature Committee of IUBMB and the IUPAC–IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature for biochemical nomenclature . A summary of nomenclatural recommendations, with references, is given in the Biochem J Instructions to Authors. The recommendations are given in full in Compendium of Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2nd edn (1992), London: Portland Press.
Genetic. The following proposals should be adhered to wherever possible. Bacteria: Demerec, M. et al. (1966) Genetics54, 61?6 [also J Gen Microbiol (1968), 50, 1?4]. Plasmids: Novick, R. P. et al. (1976) Bacteriol Rev40, 168?89. Yeasts: Sherman, F. (1981) In The Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces. I. Life Cycle and Inheritance, pp. 639?40 (edited by J. N. Strathern et al. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). Aspergillus nidulans: Clutterbuck, A. J. (1973) Genet Res21, 291?96. Neurospora crassa: Neurospora Newsl (1978), 25, 29.
Enzyme. The system published in Enzyme Nomenclature (1992), London & New York: Academic Press, and its supplements is used. Enzyme Commission numbers should be given where appropriate.
Quantities, units and symbols. The recommended SI units should be used. For guidance, see Quantities, Units and Symbols, published by the Royal Society, 6 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG, UK, and Units, Symbols and Abbreviations, published by the Royal Society of Medicine, 1 Wimpole Street, London W1G 0AE, UK
Editorial Board
Ian Poxton, Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
Fax: +44 131 650 3128; e-mail: i.r.poxton@ed.ac.uk
Associate Editors
Dlawer Ala'Aldeen, Division of Microbiology, University Hospital, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
Fax: +44 115 970 9233; e-mail: daa@nottingham.ac.uk
Mike Barer, Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Medical Sciences Building, P O Box 138, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
Fax: +44 116 252 5030; e-mail: Mrb19@le.ac.uk
David Beighton, Joint Microbiology Research Unit, Dental Institute, King's College School of Medicine & Dentistry, Caldecot Road, London SE5 9RW, UK
Fax: +44 20 7346 3073; e-mail: david.beighton@kcl.ac.uk
Marina Claros, Friedrich Miescher Institute, Novartis Research Foundation, R-1066 1.40, Basel, Switzerland,
e-mail: marina.claros@fmi.ch
Michael Corbel, NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
Fax: +44 1707 646730; e-mail: mcorbel@nibsc.ac.uk
Brian Duerden, "Pendle", Welsh Street, Crossway Green, Chepstow, Mons NP6 5LU, UK
Fax: +44 1291 623293; e-mail: bduerden@doctors.org.uk
Androulla Efstratiou, Respiratory & Systemic Infection Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK
Fax: +44 20 8205 6528; e-mail: aefstratiou@phls.org.uk
Adrian Eley, Division of Genomic Medicine, Floor F, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
Fax: +44 114 273 9926; e-mail: a.r.eley@sheffield.ac.uk
Fred Falkiner, Laboratory Medicine (Microbiology), The Adelaide & Meath Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
Fax: +353 1 414 3980; e-mail: Frederick.Falkiner@amnch.ie
Mark Farrington, Public Health & Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QW, UK
Fax: +44 1223 242775; e-mail: mark.farrington@msexc.addenbrookes.anglox.nhs.uk
Stephen Gillespie, Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW2 3PF, UK
Fax: +44 20 7794 0433; e-mail: stepheng@rfc.ucl.ac.uk
Ellie Goldstein, 2021 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite #740 East, Santa Monica, CA 90904, USA
Fax: +1 310 315 3662; e-mail: EJCGMD@aol.com
David Hampson, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
Fax: +61 89310 4144; e-mail: d.hampson@murdoch.edu.au
Albert Heim, Institut fur Virologie, Carl Neuberg Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
Fax: +49 51 5325732; e-mail: Ahei@virologie.mh-hannover.de
Will Irving, Department of Microbiology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Fax: +44 115 970 9233; e-mail: Will.irving@nottingham.ac.uk
Shigeru Kamiya, Department of Microbiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181, Japan
Fax: +81 422 44 7325; e-mail: skamiya@kyorin-u.ac.jp
Wesley Kloos, Department of Genetics, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
e-mail: wesley_kloos@ncsu.edu
David Livermore, Antibiotic Reference Unit, LHI, CPHL, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK
Fax: +44 20 8200 7449; e-mail: DLivermore@phls.org.uk
John Magee, PHLS, Institute of Pathology, Newcastle General Hospital, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK
Fax: +44 191 226 0365; e-mail: newjmage@north.phls.nhs.uk
Anne McCartney, Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
Fax: +44 118 935 7222; e-mail: a.l.mccartney@reading.ac.uk
Rod McNab, GlaxoSmithKline, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey KT13 0DE, UK
Fax: +44 1932 822100; e-mail: Rod.x.mcnab@gsk.com
Fritz Muhlschlegel, Department of Biosciences and East Kent NHS Trust, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
Fax: +44 1227 763 912; e-mail: f.a.muhlschlegel@kent.ac.uk
Elisabeth Nagy, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Medical University, P O Box 482, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
e-mail: Nagye@mlab.szote.U-Szeged.Hu
John E. Olsen, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, KVL, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Fredriksberg C., Denmark
Fax: +45 35282757; e-mail: john.e.olsen@vetmi.kvl.dk
Sheila Patrick, Department of Microbiology, and Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BN, UK
Fax: +44 28 90 346460; e-mail: sheila.patrick@qub.ac.uk
Charles Penn, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Fax: +44 121 414 5925; e-mail: c.w.penn@bham.ac.uk
Ty Pitt, Division of Hospital Infection, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK
Fax: +44 20 8200 7449; e-mail: tpitt@phls.org.uk
Malcolm Richardson, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
Fax: +358 9 191 26382; e-mail: malcolm.richardson@helsinki.fi
Tom Riley, Department of Microbiology, Western Australia Centre for Pathology & Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia
Fax: +61 8 9346 2912; e-mail: triley@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
Vincent Rotimi, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
Fax: +965 531 8454; e-mail: Vincent@hsc.kuniv.edu.kw
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