期刊名称：BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY
 期刊简介(About the journal)
投稿须知(Instructions to Authors)
编辑部信息(Editorial Board)
About the journal
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Bringing together significant work on all aspects of the subject, Behavioral Ecology is broad-based and covers both empirical and theoretical approaches. Studies on the whole range of behaving organisms, including plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, and humans, are included.
Behavioral Ecology construes the field in its broadest sense to include 1) the use of ecological and evolutionary processes to explain the occurrence and adaptive significance of behavior patterns; 2) the use of behavioral processes to predict ecological patterns, and 3) empirical, comparative analyses relating behavior to the environment in which it occurs.
Behavioral Ecology is the official journal of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. All individuals and student subscribers to Behavioral Ecology automatically become members of the Society. For more information see the subscription information.
Behavioral Ecology is published bimonthly.
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Instructions to Authors
Behavioral Ecology publishes original articles, reviews, and commentary on all aspects of the field of behavioral ecology, encompassing both empirical and theoretical work and covering both animals, ranging from invertebrates to humans, and plants. Behavioral Ecology construes the field in its broadest sense to include (1) the use of ecological and evolutionary processes to explain the occurrence and adaptive significance of behavior patterns, (2) the use of behavioral processes to predict ecological patterns, and (3) empirical, comparative analyses relating behavior to the environment in which it occurs. The journal accepts papers in areas such as habitat selection; foraging, antipredator, mating, and parental care strategies; dispersal and migration; sexual selection; cooperation and conflict; communication; spacing and group behavior; and social organization.
Manuscripts must be in English and are accepted for consideration with the understanding that they have been submitted solely to Behavioral Ecology, that they have not been previously published (either in whole or in part), and that similar but not identical papers are not published, in press, or submitted elsewhere. Future work of authors who violate the principle of no-double publication will not be welcome at the journal. All animal experimentation reported to the journal must meet the ABS/ASAB guidelines for ethical treatment of animals. Authors will be asked to confirm the above points when the manuscript is submitted.
Authors should refer to the guidelines below when preparing their manuscript or their paper may be returned to them for correction. All submissions are reviewed by one of the editors and at least two outside reviewers. Authors may suggest the names of potential referees and also indicate potential referees who may have a potential conflict of interest. Behavioral Ecology adheres to a policy of blinded reviewing, in which the identity of the authors is, as much as possible, kept from reviewers. Similarly, reviewers' names are kept confidential. Authors are therefore encouraged to avoid explicit disclosure of their identity in the text of their manuscript, as for example, by use of a header. In some cases the Editor may decide that direct discussion between author and reviewer would be helpful, but names are never disclosed without explicit permission.
ForumIn the section called Forum, Behavioral Ecology publishes commentary on recent issues, topics, and methodologies of interest to the broad readership of the journal. Forum articles are generally short and may use any format appropriate to the material, though the reference format is as described below for regular manuscripts. The Forum is not intended for criticism or praise of individual published papers, or for exchanges of correspondence between authors and critics. However, commentary on an issue of broad significance that can be highlighted by reference to a single paper, or commentary on several related articles, published in Behavioral Ecology or elsewhere, is welcome. Authors should consult a recent issue of the journal. Submission and refereeing procedures follow those for other manuscripts.
Online submissionAs of 1 January 2003, Behavioral Ecology will be processing all manuscripts through its online submission system located at http://beheco.manuscriptcentral.com/. New authors should create their own account when they first log on. Authors who already have an account should log in using their previous account ID and password in order to submit a new manuscript. Detailed instructions for using the site and preparing manuscripts are available on the site. If you have questions about this new system or the procedures for submitting manuscripts, please contact the Editor-in-Chief, David F. Westneat, Department of Biology, 101 Morgan Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, E-mail: beedit@uky.edu.
Manuscript preparationThe online system will require you to submit at least two files: one (the "Complete Anonymous Text") will contain a version of your manuscript that is suitable for review, and the other will contain the full cover page and acknowledgments. Once your submission is complete, the files will be available for the editorial office to examine. If everything is in order, the Editor-in-Chief will assign the manuscript to an Editor for handling. The Editor will request reviews and make the decision on your manuscript. Please feel free to note any possible conflicts of interest with any of the Editors or with possible reviewers in the spaces provided during the submission process.
Complete Anonymous Text
You will be asked to submit a file containing the text of your manuscript. Do not include the authors' names on the title/abstract page or in headers of the text file. On the Web site, you will be asked to identify the "designation" of this file and whether or not it is for review. The manuscript text file should be denoted as "Complete Anonymous Text" and "yes" for review.
The file containing the Complete Anonymous Text should be formatted to fit on 8.5" x 11" (22 cm x 28 cm) paper (A4 is also acceptable), with margins on all four sides of at least 1.25" (30 mm). Double-space throughout and assemble the sections as follows:
title and abstract
text
references
figure legends
tables
figures
Number the pages consecutively. Several file formats are acceptable; please consult instructions at the Web site for details. If possible, please embed figures within the text. Alternatively, authors can upload figures as separate files using instructions available at the Web site.
Title/abstract
The first page should include a title (concise but informative), a short title for use in the running header, and the abstract. The abstract should be a single paragraph of not more than 250 words that is complete without reference to the text. Do not use acronyms or complex abbreviations. Key words for indexing should be listed at the end of the abstract. (In addition to the abstract, a Lay Summary is required with the final version of the manuscript. Authors should carefully read the full instructions regarding Lay Summaries given below.)
Text
Beginning on a separate page, the text should be clear, readable, and concise. The first-person active voice is preferable to the impersonal passive voice. Use line numbers. Do not use footnotes. American spelling should be used throughout, except in quotations and references. Reserve the use of underlining and italics for scientific species names and the symbols for variables and constants. The methods section should be detailed enough to allow referees to answer some or all of the following questions, as appropriate: (1) is the study experimental or observational? (2) are the methods described in sufficient detail so that the study can be replicated? (3) does the experimental design exclude the possibility of observer and experimenter bias (e.g., by double blind protocol)? (4) does the experimental procedure potentially produce artifacts? (5) are appropriate conclusions drawn from non-significant results and/or are confidence intervals for effect sizes presented when results are non-significant?
References
All works included in the reference section should be referred to in the text. Citations should be typed alphabetically on a separate sheet, double-spaced and unnumbered. They should be referred to in the text by the name(s) of the first author(s) and the year of publication in parentheses, using the following format and punctuation: (Able and Baker, 2000) or Able and Baker (2000). Use the first author's name and "et al." when there are more than two authors. The order for references within parentheses in the text should be alphabetical. For works by the same author(s) in the same year, append a lowercase a, b, c, etc. to the year of publication. The reference list should conform to the following styles:
Journal article
Author AB, Author CD, Author EF, 2001a. Title of article. J Hered 60:128-132.
Paper in a conference proceedings
Author AB, Author IJ, Author KL, 2001b. Title of conference paper. In: Unabbreviated Title of Symposium or Conference, Location, Date (Able ST, ed). City and state or country of publication: Publisher's name; 137-180.
Book
Author GH, Author IJ, 1999a. Title of book. City of publication: Publisher's name.
Chapter in a book
Author GH, Author IJ, 1999b. Title of a chapter: a subtitle. In: Title of book, 2nd ed (Able MN, Baker OP, eds). City of publication: Publisher's name; 200-235.
Thesis or dissertation
Author MN, 2002. Title of thesis or dissertation (PhD dissertation). Location of university: Name of university.
Only published material or material accepted for publication should be listed in the references; personal communications, unpublished data, manuscripts in preparation, etc., should be incorporated in the text in parentheses with the surname and initials of the source, e.g., (Able OP, personal communication).
Figure legends
Figure legends should be typed together on a separate sheet. All figures must be referred to in the text and should be accompanied by a legend that incorporates any necessary explanatory material. Figure legends should be as concise as possible.
Tables
Because tables are expensive and difficult to set, only data essential in illustrating important points should be included. They should be typed double-spaced, each on a separate page, and numbered using Arabic numerals; do not use vertical rules and use only those horizontal rules absolutely necessary for clarity. Table titles should be concise. Explanatory material, notes on measurements, and other general information that applies to the whole table should be included as the first, unnumbered footnote and not in the table title. Consult a recent issue for the journal's table style.
Figures
Number all line drawings, photographs, or diagrams consecutively with Arabic numerals. Figure legends should be typed together on a separate sheet. All figures should fit comfortably into one of the following sizes: 85 mm, 129 mm or 177 mm wide by up to 238 mm deep. Although they may be prepared and submitted larger than final size, identifying lettering should be sized so its smallest elements will be readable when reduced. For the most attractive final result, authors should plan for the smallest possible printed size compatible with clarity.
Drawings and graphs. All figures should be submitted as glossy prints or high-quality laser prints. Place labels parallel to the axes. Use italic type only to identify variables, constants, and scientific names of species. Typewritten and hand-lettered charts and graphs will not be accepted. Figures considered unsuitable for publication because of poor letter quality, broken type, etc., will be returned to the author for correction. Composite figures should be submitted in their final, combined form, with all parts labeled appropriately. All figures, drawings, and graphs should be prepared with the intent of carrying the most information and the least extraneous detail. The editors encourage authors to consult the series of books by E. Tufte as guides in preparation of figures, drawings, and graphs.
Black-and-white photographs. To reproduce well, photographs should be sharp, with good contrast between light and dark areas. Photographs making up a composite illustration should be mounted on a lightweight mounting board in the desired configuration. Do not leave any space between the individual prints making up a composite illustration. The printer will insert a fine line to separate the images.
Cover page and acknowledgments
In a separate file, please submit a full cover page with the title and the authors' names and affiliations followed by a page with the full acknowledgments. On the Web site, please designate this file as "Cover and Acknowledgments" and answer "no" when asked if it is for review.
Cover page
The cover page should include the title (concise but informative); the full names of all authors (first and last) as they wish them to appear in print; the authors' institutional affiliations; the name, address, telephone number, and e-mail address of the author responsible for receiving proofs, correspondence, and reprint requests; and the current address of any author(s) whose institutional affiliation has changed since the work reported was performed.
Authors should include a short title for use in the running titles.
Acknowledgments
On a separate page list any acknowledgments, sources of support, grants, disclaimers, etc.
Cover illustration submissionsAn illustration is featured on the cover of each issue, the cost of which is borne by the journal. Authors are encouraged to submit high-quality photographs for possible use as a cover illustration. Also welcome are line drawings or figures, as these can be more effective than photographs in conveying a sense of the action, scale, and context of behavior. Drawings should be submitted as photostats, and photos as black and white or color prints. Provide a brief caption and include a credit for the photographer or artist.
Electronic handling of accepted manuscriptsOnce a manuscript has been accepted for publication, authors will be provided with instructions on preparing a file to be uploaded on the Web site and then made accessible to the publisher. This file will contain the full, non-anonymous text (including cover page and acknowledgments). A variety of formats are possible, but authors should consult the detailed instructions at the Web site.
The final copy of the manuscript file should be prepared accurately, consistently, and simply, avoiding the use of special fonts or elaborate formatting for aesthetics. Paragraphs should be formatted the same way throughout. The lowercase "ell" (l) and the numeral one (1), and the capital "oh" (O) and the numeral zero (0), should be used correctly, not interchangeably; the lowercase "oh" should not be used as a subscript zero. Greek symbols, diacritical marks, italics, superscripts, and subscripts should be typed in the electronic file using software features as much as possible. When a special character cannot be typed in the file, it should be represented by an available character that is not otherwise used, and authors should provide a translation key to those characters in the cover letter. If accents or other unusual characters must be drawn in on the manuscript, they should be highlighted and listed in an accompanying note.
Proofs and reprintsAuthors will be e-mailed their proofs and are expected to proofread their article promptly and carefully. Because changes to the actual text are expensive once the article has been typeset, authors making excessive changes will be invoiced by the publisher.
A reprint order form will be included with the page proofs. Authors may order reprints in lots of 100 using this form when they return their proofs.
LicenseIt is a condition of publication in the journal that authors grant an exclusive license to the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. This ensures that requests from third parties to reproduce articles are handled efficiently and consistently and will also allow the article to be as widely disseminated as possible. In granting license, authors may use their own material in other publications provided that the journal is acknowledged as the original place of publication, and Oxford University Press is notified in writing and in advance.
Download the License Form (PDF).
Lay Summary GuidelinesPurpose
The International Society for Behavioral Ecology has undertaken to provide a Lay Summary of each paper published in Behavioral Ecology. The Lay Summary will appear with the electronic version of the article available on the journal's Web site. The purpose of a Lay Summary is to interpret the context and significance of our published papers in a manner intelligible to interested nonspecialists, thereby increasing the accessibility of our research work to the public at large, and to organizations and individuals whose main function may not be research, but who may nonetheless be interested in research findings.
Guidelines for authors
A Lay Summary is a short (max. 250 word) statement that, in nontechnical language, provides a view of the paper from the perspective of the broad questions of the field, summarizes briefly the current state of knowledge - emphasizing what is not known or understood - and explains the contribution of the paper. A Lay Summary is not a "dumbed down" version of the Abstract of your paper: its aims are rather different. Nor is a Lay Summary specifically about potential or real applications of the results (unless these were the topic of the paper). The Abstract of your paper emphasizes the findings for other specialists who know the history of the field and the context of your questions, who will understand and be interested in details of your methodology, and who will be able to evaluate for themselves the significance of your results. Most of the readership of a Lay Summary will not be in this category.
Assume that the reader of your Lay Summary is an intelligent and interested person who may know something about behavioral ecology, but may not know terms such as EPC, MVT, altricial, phylogeny, or minisatellite. Therefore, avoid technical language and jargon. Many readers of the Lay Summary have not been schooled in the history of the discipline, so provide the necessary background, focusing on generalities rather than specifics. Generally, details of the methods are of little importance. Summarize succinctly what the paper contributed.
Format and process
The Lay Summary is published on the journal's Web site (http://beheco.oupjournals.org) where nonspecialists generally have best access. It is not required as part of the formal review process of a manuscript, but a complete and acceptable Lay Summary is required before a manuscript can be sent to the press for publication.
The Lay Summary must accompany the final version of the manuscript as a separate file clearly labeled "LAY SUMMARY," with the full title of the manuscript and name(s) of the author(s) identical to that on the manuscript. Details are provided to authors when manuscripts are nearly ready to be accepted.
Sample Lay Summaries
From Garrison JSE, Gass CL, 1999. Response of a traplining hummingbird to changes in nectar availability. Behav Ecol 10:714-725:
Over the last thirty years, many aspects of hummingbird biology have been investigated by ecologists interested in foraging and energetics, who have demonstrated that hummingbird behavior is sensitive to the richness of nectar resources. Most studies have been of territorial species, and "trapliners" have been less well-studied. Trapliners are not territorial but travel on a regular circuit between widely spaced clumps of flowers. On each visit to "its" flowers, the hummingbird drains the nectar that has accumulated since the last visit. In theory, trapliners should adjust the timing of visits and the size of the trapline so that they harvest the most nectar with the least effort, balancing the larger nectar rewards of longer intervals against the loss if competitors (other hummingbirds, or bees) arrive before they do. In this study, long-tailed hermit hummingbirds (Phaethornis longirostris), a lowland forest species from Central America and suspected trapliner, were tested in a large outdoor enclosure at La Selva Research Station in Costa Rica. The experiments manipulated the timing and volume of sugar solution delivery to artificial flowers placed around the enclosure. Removals of nectar (mimicking competitors) were also carried out. The study showed that captive long-tailed hermits adjusted their behavior in response to the experimental manipulations much as predicted. They increased visitation rates to more profitable feeders (and vice versa), and responded to competition by returning more often to the feeder. However, these manipulated changes were likely relatively large compared to natural situations, and it remains to be established how adept wild long-tailed hermits are at detecting small changes that likely occur simultaneously at multiple sites on their traplines.
From Weatherhead PJ, Dufour KW, Lougheed SC, Eckert CG, 1999. A test of the good-genes-as-heterozygosity hypothesis using red-winged blackbirds. Behav Ecol 10:619-625:
In many animal mating systems, males contribute little or no resources to the care of the young, yet females seem very choosy about which male they mate with. It is unclear why females are choosy in these situations and what traits females might evaluate in making such careful choices. One idea is that females evaluate the genetic quality of potential mates. This paper tested predictions of a hypothesis suggesting that females look for males that are genetically variable (high heterozygosity) because such males are thought to produce higher quality offspring. The hypothesis also predicts that genetically variable males are recognizable by the high symmetry (called low fluctuating asymmetry) of external traits (e.g., wings, tail feathers). In this paper the heterozygosity, symmetry, condition, and ectoparasite status of 67 wild red-winged blackbirds was measured. The data do not support the "good-genes-as-heterozygosity" hypothesis. More heterozygous males were not in better condition, more symmetrical or less infected by ectoparasites. Furthermore, because larger and older males realize higher mating success in this population, but neither size nor age was related to heterozygosity, mating success is also unlikely to be related to heterozygosity. The conclusion is that this hypothesis does not explain mate choice or male quality patterns in this population.
Editorial Board
Editor-in-Chief
Dr. David F. Westneat
Behavioral Ecology
Biological Sciences
101 Morgan Building
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506-0225
USA
Editors
Dr. Andrew Bourke
Behavioral Ecology
Institute of Zoology
Zoological Society of London
Regent's Park
London NW1 4RY
UK
Dr. Mark Elgar
Behavioral Ecology
Department of Zoology
University of Melbourne
Parkville 3010, Australia
Dr. Anne Houde
Behavioral Ecology
Department of Biology
Lake Forest College
Lake Forest, IL 60045-2399
USA
Dr. Ian Owens
Behavioral Ecology
Department of Biological Sciences
Imperial College
Silwood Park
Ascot SL5 7PY
UK
Dr. Gunilla Rosenqvist
Behavioral Ecology
Department of Zoology
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
N-7034 Trondheim
Norway
Dr. Marlene Zuk
Behavioral Ecology
Department of Biology
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
USA
Editorial Board
G Arnqvist, Sweden
T C M Bakker, Germany
A Basolo, USA
A Berglund, Sweden
S Forbes, Canada
R Johnstone, UK
L Keller, Switzerland
E Ketterson, USA
K Lessells, The Netherlands
J Newman, UK
M Olsson, Sweden
M Reid, Canada
L Sundstrom, Finland
J Tinbergen, The Netherlands
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