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Preparing the Final Version of Your Paper
Please note
The following instructions are for authors whose manuscripts have been accepted for publication. Other contributors may wish to consult these guidelines, but initial submissions need only adhere to the guidelines described under 'Submissions', here.
Although your paper has been accepted for publication, we cannot schedule it for printing until it is in the following format.
Final versions of papers need to be in a special format adapted to the requirements of typesetting, even though previous versions sent out for review may have been in a more "finished" or even a camera-ready format. In most cases, in order to produce a typeset version that will look correct, we actually need from you a document that does not look typeset, but instead looks like a very neat typewritten copy of the final version of the paper. In particular, the use of space in the final printed version–the size of the margins, headers and footers, figures, typeface, and virtually everything else–will not match that of the version you send to us.
Some of the instructions below suggest you contact the editors. If you need to do so, please contact the assistant editor who has been handling your submission.
Computer files
We are trying to do all our editing and typesetting–with the exception of some tables, formulae, and figures–directly from computer files. We therefore need your finished paper in a computer file. We work in Microsoft Word for Windows and Macintosh Word. All papers produced in other word processing programs (except TeX) will have to be converted into Word. Every conversion from one program to another changes important formatting, typographic, and other (sometimes fundamental) characteristics from the original. We can do conversions from most standard word processing programs into Word, but it is best, if possible, that you do the conversion to ensure that the final Word version reflects what you want to see. There is an open-source (i.e., free) program that you can use to create, convert, and edit Word-reaedable documents, available here. (We have no affiliation with openoffice.org. We provide this information for those who need, or prefer, a free alternative to Microsoft Word.)
TeX and LaTeX
Please keep in mind that UC Press (our publisher) does not print straight from your TeX or LaTeX file. In other words, what matters at this stage is not the beauty of your paper as printed from the file that you send us, but the ease with which we can work around the TeX and LaTeX formatting commands. In other words, the golden rule here is: simpler is better. In particular:
- If you can at all avoid it, please do not use Scientific Word, as we always have enormous trouble compiling those documents, and they always come with hundreds of lines of macros and other code that simply gets in our way.
- Please send the source file, not a PDF or DVI file.
- If you use BibTeX or other add-ons, please incorporate the results into a single TeX (or LaTeX) file. (E.g., don't send us a LaTeX file plus your BibTeX file. Incorporate the bibliography and the article into a single LaTeX file.)
- If you use LaTex, we very much prefer that you use the standard article class. If you use other classes or styles, please be sure that they are part of a standard LaTeX distribution.
- Please keep macros to an absolute minimum (preferably zero)
- Finally, and most important, please adhere to the remaining guidelines described here, paying special attention to those regarding the references.
Completed Final Drafts
Please send your paper to us as an attachment to an email. Our address is:
Please do not send us a hard copy unless we specifically request it. Please send us the fewest possible number of files. Do not, for example, include the references or abstract in separate files.
Formatting
In keeping with current trends in American publishing, Philosophy of Science is moving towards as typographically clean a page as possible. For example, our in-text bibliographic reference style uses very little punctuation; we try to use minimal punctuation within body text, minimal italicizations, avoid contractions, etc. On all matters regarding style not covered below, consult The Chicago Manual of Style. The instructions below sometimes refer to sections in the 14th edition (abbreviated CMS).
Margins should be ample, approximately 1-1/2" (4 cm) top and bottom, 1-1/4" (3 cm) left and 1" (2.5 cm) right.
Justification. Do not justify text left and right. The right margin should be ragged.
Typeface. Times or Times New Roman is best for proofreading and for computer translation. However, any standard computer typeface is acceptable, including Bookman, Palatino, New Century Schoolbook. If you want a special typeface for equations or other uses, let us know. For Greek alphabet we use Microsoft Symbol.
Typesize. 12 or 14 point. Type size should be full size at all times, including in footnotes, references, picture legends, etc.
Spacing. All text should be double-spaced, including the text in footnotes, references, picture legends, etc.
Page numbers. Number every page in one of the margins. Page 1 is the title page, page 2 the abstract; the body of the paper begins on page 3. After the last page of the main text, numbering continues through each of the figures, then the page of figure legends, the references section, then then the notes.
Structure of Paper
The final version of the paper should have the following sections, each beginning on a new page:
title page
abstract
main text
appendices [when necessary]
figures and tables
references
notes
Title Page
The first page, numbered page 1, is the title page. It should have the title, with an asterisk at the end, and the name of each author. After the last author’s name, place the symbol ?and also if necessary the symbol ?.
Leave a little space below this, then draw a line across the page. Below that line (which will not be printed in the typeset version), there are 2, or sometimes 3, publisher’s notes. These notes include:
* date (month/year) paper was first received and date last revised version received (the editorial office will fill in these dates).
?first note, usually used for the mailing address for contacting the author(s). If we are not instructed otherwise, we will assume these addresses are the same as the postal and email addresses used by the editors when corresponding with the authors.
?this second note will be used for any acknowledgments, brief author’s comments, etc.
We have to enter some more notes after this, so leave as large a margin at the bottom of this page as you can.
Abstract
After the title page, start a new page, numbered page 2. Place the abstract on its own page. The word "abstract" is centered at the top.
Main Text
The first section is always numbered and titled "1. Introduction." in boldface; subsections are in italics, and new sections in boldface again. Put a blank line between each section and subsection. Section titles use headline capitalization, for instance "Explanation of Anomalies," not "Explanation of anomalies." "Section" is capitalized when used as a proper noun, for instance "as was proved in Section 1," but lowercase when used as a common noun, for instance "as was proved in the first section." (Likewise for "figure" and "table.")
Italics and Boldface
We do not italicize foreign or technical terms commonly used by philosophers of science. Unfamiliar terms may be in italics. Examples:
"ipso facto," "i.e.," "ad hoc," "a priori" (not "ipso facto," "i.e.," "ad hoc," "a priori.")
"The now obsolete Japanese term warifu was used to designate the tearing of pieces of material or paper ?to record an economic transaction."
Indicate italicized words, phrases requiring emphasis, and titles of published books and journals by italics. Indicate boldface by boldface. If your word processor cannot do italics or boldface, indicate italics by underlining, and indicate boldface by wavy underlining (by hand).
Formulas, Equations, and Special Symbols.
Equations and symbols should be fully legible (typed if possible). Give any variables the style they should display, e.g., italics, bold, or unusual fonts.
Since setting type for bi-level and tri-level equations is very costly, all formulas and equations should be put in a form that helps to minimize the number of printed lines. For example:
p = -dx/dy = -dz/dt
Where you have an equation that might exceed a line length, make a note as to where the equation should be broken, or type it on the page as you wish it to be typeset and let the editors know to maintain that specific spacing and alignment.
We greatly prefer that you type the equation as text (with any superscripts and subscripts) rather than use Microsoft Equation Editor. Complex material that cannot be done in Word may use Equation Editor.
When possible, an alternative symbol or sign should be provided if the symbol required is rare. To avoid confusion between similar symbols such as the letter O and zero, mu and u, subset and less than, clearly identify the symbol in the margin.
Variations of type sizes, styles, and alignments in equations are not readable in small size. If necessary produce the equation in an extra-enlarged size so that all its elements can be easily seen, and include a note that you have produced an enlarged sized equation. It takes the editors and typesetter a great deal of time to decipher a confusing equation, but only a few moments to resize a clear one.
Footnotes.
Even though the final printed version of your paper will have footnotes printed at the bottom of the page in properly small type, in the version you provide us put all the notes beginning on a new page at the end of the manuscript. This page should have the title "FOOTNOTES" at the top center. The whole page should be double-spaced and in full-sized (12 or 14 point) type.
We ask that you use your word processor's Endnote (not Footnote) function to create your notes.
Discursive footnotes should be avoided; incorporate material in the body of the text whenever possible. Remaining footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the typescript.
Figures And Tables.
Figures and tables require special treatment. Please contact the editors if you have any questions.
Every figure and table should be produced in a large clean copy on its own sheet of paper, to enable the printer to photograph and reduce it to correct size. On the back of each figure page, in pencil write your last name and the number of the figure, for example: "Turner/Figure 1". Even if you are also submitting an electronic version, you must send us a camera-ready hard copy as well.
All figures and tables must be professionally drawn and lettered (or computer-drawn with a professional appearance) and camera-ready. If you are producing these materials electronically, please use Truetype or Postscript typefaces and a laser printer for maximum cleanness of copy. You can make the tables and figures larger than they will be reproduced; it is easier for us to work with larger figures. Variables are to be in italics or boldface in correlation with their appearance in the body of the text.
Computer versions of tables and figures are best if in individual separate files, but you can include them as embedded in the text document.
If you are using Microsoft Word to make your tables: Our typesetters need a particular format for the electronic versions of tables. Please key tables horizontally (by row) rather than vertically (by column). Use the tab key. Tables must have no rules or other visual features. If your table needs these features to enhance readibility, please include them on the hard copy. The typesetters will put them into the published version.
If you create your figures electronically:
- Any art that is done in Illustrator, Canvas, CorelDraw, or Freehand should not be saved in its native program. It should be saved as an .eps file.
- Art that is done in Photoshop should be saved as a .tiff.
- The minimum resolution for these files should be 250 dpi for gray-scale art, and 600 dpi for line art.
You may include rough drafts of figures in text to show where they go or just put "put Figure 1 about here" or pencil in a note to that effect in the margin. Note the capitalization in proper names such as "Section 1," "Figure 2," "Table 3."
The titles and legends for the figures should all be placed together on a separate sheet of paper. They can be done as a computer text page.
References
Authors are responsible for the completeness and accuracy of their bibliography and citations. Please cross-check your citations against your bibliography; our copyeditors often run across inconsistencies between them.
We use a variant of the author-date system. See the 14th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style chapter 16, but be sure to follow the specifications below. Be sure that the References include complete page numbers for all articles in journals and edited volumes. We prefer fully realized numbers, e.g. 123-127, not 123-7 or 123-27, both in-text and in the references section. In both the reference list and in-text citations, simply give the numbers, without "page" or "pg."
In-Text Citations. Simple citations or quotation attributions should be made by citation within the text, rather than by footnote. Cite author and year of publication, for example, (Jones 1974) and, when appropriate, page numbers (Jones 1974, 25). Note comma between year and page, but not between author and year. There is no "p." or "page" preceding the page number.
If the context clearly specifies the reference, the year and page number are sufficient:
Jones's theory (1974, 25) contradicts his earlier account (1965).
If the subject of the sentence is the author, then the citation is in parentheses, with a comma between date and page:
Hegel (1787, 344) argued that ...
Hegel argued that ... philosophy (1787, 344).
If the book or article itself is what is being referred to, then there is no comma or parenthesis between author and date:
This argument was refuted in Hegel 1787.
See Hegel 1789.
If in the latter examples you need to have page numbers, they are not put in parentheses:
See Hegel 1789, 334-347.
Note that within the text, the period comes after the closing parenthesis of the citation.
At the end of a block extract, place the citation after the period.
When citing a reprint or translation, give the original year in brackets then the year for the new edition
In places where you are referring to multiple texts by a single author, separate years with commas:
(Marx 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986)
For many texts by multiple authors, use semicolons to separate authors:
(Marx 1982; Eliot 1983; Fudd 1992; Duck 1993)
(Marx 1982, 1983; Fudd 1992, 1995; Fudd and Hare 1996; Duck 1999)
See CMS 16.14.
List of References. The bibliographical list of cited references must be headed REFERENCES and placed on a new page after the main text. List references alphabetically by senior author. More than one reference by the same author should be listed in chronological order.
If you know how to do hanging indents with your word processor, use them throughout the bibliography. If you do not, please format all references flush left, and leave an extra space after each entry.
Authors. Please use complete first and last names for authors, not just initials and surnames (if you cannot readily ascertain a first name, the initials will suffice). If there are two authors, use "and" not "&". Only for the senior author does the surname precede the given name. If the reference list has two works by the same author, use a 3-em dash "––? in the place of the author’s name for the second work. For details about author names (including special cases), see CMS chapter 16.
For multiple authors, list the surname of the first author, comma, given name of first author, then given name before surname of subsequent authors, separated by commas with the word "and" before the last one. Even if there are only two authors, use a comma before the word "and". Example:
Oppenheim, Paul, and Hilary Putnam (1958), "Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis", in Herbert Feigl, Grover Maxwell, and Michael Scriven (eds.), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 3-36.
Burian, Richard M., Jean Gayon, and Doris Zallen (1988), "The Singular Fate of Genetics in the History of French Biology, 1900-1940", Journal of the History of Biology 21: 357-402.
Titles. For all titles of English-language works (articles, books, chapters, etc.) use headline ("up") capitalization (CMS 7.127). For foreign book titles, see CMS section 15.118. Book and journal titles are italicized.
Books. Include author or editor, space (no punctuation), date in parentheses, comma, title (including subtitle) italicized, comma, volume and edition, period, (translator and editor if in addition to author), city of publication (if needed: comma, state or country), colon, publisher, (if needed: comma, forthcoming), period. Example:
Harding, Sandra G. (1987), Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Dissertations.Include author or editor, space (no punctuation), date in parentheses, comma, title (including subtitle) italicized, period, then "Ph.D. Disseration", period, location of university (comma, state or country), colon, name of university.
Craver, Carl F. (1998), Neural Mechanisms: On the Structure, Function, and Development of Theories in Neurobiology. Ph.D. Disseration. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh.
Translations and Reprints. For a translated or reprinted edition of a book include author; open parenthesis, original date in brackets, new edition date, close parenthesis; title italicized; volume and edition; period, "Reprint." (if applicable); translator, period; original title italicized; original place of publication, colon, and original publisher in parentheses; new edition's place of publication; colon; publisher, period. Example:
Duhem, Pierre ([1906] 1954), The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. Reprint. Translated by P. P. Wiener. Originally published as La théorie physique: son objet, et sa structure (Paris: Marcel Rivière & Cie). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
If you cite page numbers in the text, please make it clear in the reference list whether citations refer to the original or reprint/translation. For the capitalization of foreign book titles, see CMS section 15.118.
Technical Reports, Working Papers, and Similar Publications. Include author, date in parentheses, title of work italicized, name and number of series, general editor(s) if a series, city, colon, publisher. Example:
Titiev, Robert J. (1969), Some Model-Theoretic Results in Measurement Theory. Technical Report 146, Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford: Stanford University.
Journal Articles: Include author of article, space (no punctuation), date in parentheses, comma, title of article in quotation marks, comma, name of journal italicized (do not abbreviate journal titles), space, volume number not underlined, colon, space, page numbers. The title is treated as an entity, so the endquotes come before the comma separating the title from the journal name. Italicize the journal name, but not the volume and issue number. Example:
Mayo, Deborah G. (1991), "Novel Evidence and Severe Tests", Philosophy of Science 58: 523-552.
For book reviews, put the name and author of the reviewed book in parentheses after the title of the review.
Fodor, Jerry A. (1995), "West Coast Fuzzy: Why We Don't Know How Brains Work" (review of The Engine of Reason, the Seat of the Soul: A Philosophical Journey into the Brain by Paul M. Churchland), Times Literary Supplement 4821:5-6 [August 25].
Edited Volumes. For articles in a book-length collection include author of article, date in parentheses, comma, title of article in quotation marks, comma, name of book's editor(s) (all surname last), followed by ?ed.)? comma, title of collection italicized, period, place of publication, colon, publisher, page numbers, period. Example:
Wylie, Alison (1989), "The Interpretive Dilemma", in Valerie Pinsky and Alison Wylie (eds.), Critical Traditions in Contemporary Archaeology: Essays in the Philosophy, History and Socio-politics of Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 18-27.
Oppenheim, Paul, and Hilary Putnam (1958), "Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis", in Herbert Feigl, Grover Maxwell, and Michael Scriven (eds.), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 3-36.
If you refer to many articles in the same edited volume, give the book its own entry in the reference list and use a short citation in the entries for the articles. Example:
Feigl, Herbert, Grover Maxwell, and Michael Scriven (eds.) (1958), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Oppenheim, Paul, and Hilary Putnam (1958), "Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis", in Feigl et al. 1958, 3-36.
PSA Proceedings. The Proceedings have appeared in several forms, which call for different styles of citation.
Through 1995 (PSA 1994 Symposia), the Proceedings were published as an edited volume and should be listed as such.
1996-2002 (PSA 1996 Contributed Papers through PSA 2000 Symposia), the Proceedings were published as a Supplement to the journal Philosophy of Science. Example:
Keeley, Brian L. (2000), "Neuroethology and the Philosophy of Cognitive Science", Philosophy of Science 67 (Proceedings): S404-S417.
Starting in 2003, the Proceedings are no longer a supplement, but rather a fifth issue of the journal. They should be cited in the same style as immediately above, except that the page numbers no longer include the letter S.
