QUOTATIONS AND REFERENCES
Authors are urged to exercise restraint in the use of quotations. All quotations from works in French should be given in the original and published translations of works written in French should not be used. Quotations in languages other than English or French should generally be given in translation, though reference may, of course, be made to original sources. Where the argument requires that a text written in a language other than English or French be quoted in the original, a translation should be provided in a note. For classical authors, texts published in the Loeb Classical Library should generally be used, except in cases where a different standard translation exists. Where no published translation is available, one should be provided by the author. In articles written in English, all quotation marks should be normalized to English usage.
Short quotations (up to about forty words in length) should be run on from the main text and given in single quotation marks. For a quotation within a quotation, double quotation marks should be used:
'"Nous sommes la terre", répondent-ils'.
An initial capital letter may be reduced to lower case without the use of brackets to indicate such an amendment:
Descartes begins by making the claim that 'le bons sens est la chose du monde la mieux partagée'.
Note that the full point is placed outside the closing quotation mark; an exclamation or a question mark should, however, be retained as part of a quotation:
The poem closes by addressing the reader directly: '- Hypocrite lecteur, - mon semblable, - mon frère!'.
Where a page reference is given, the final full point should follow the closing parenthesis:
The reference to translation is explicit: 'le devoir et la tâche d'un écrivain sont ceux d'un traducteur' (iv, 469).
The full point should precede the closing quotation mark only where the passage quoted represents a complete sentence introduced by a colon:
The environment of the court tends to be portrayed ambivalently: 'L'ambition et la galanterie étaient l'âme de cette cour, et occupaient également les hommes et les femmes.'
Omissions within quotations should be indicated by means of ellipsis (that is, three points within brackets):
S'il arrive que l'on songe ?l'amour comme moyen d'cmp;eacute;happer ?la mort [...] c'est peut-être parce qu'obscurément nous sentons que c'est le seul moyen dont nous disposions d'en faire un tant soit peu l'expérience.
Ellipses should not be placed at the beginning or the end of quoted passages.
Longer quotations (that is, more than about forty words of prose, or more than one complete prose paragraph, or more than two lines of verse) should be broken off from the main text and presented without quotation marks. A longer quotation should close with a full point and any page reference should be placed after the full point:
Revenons, c'est une nécessit?de ce livre, sur ce fatal champ de bataille.
Le 18 juin 1815, c'était pleine lune. Cette clart?favorisa la poursuite féroce de Blücher, dénonça les traces des fuyards, livra cette masse désastreuse ?la cavalerie prussienne acharnée, et aida au massacre. Il y a parfois dans les catastrophes de ces tragiques complaisances de la nuit. (i, 427)
In referring to and quoting from published works, recent standard authoritative editions should be used, where these exist. In the case of contemporary works, the original edition (or a substantially revised edition, where one exists) should be used. References should be given according to the author-title system and will generally be given in notes. The author-date (or Harvard) system is not used in the journal and complete lists of sources used should therefore not be given. Major critical or secondary works should be cited in standard editions (e.g. all references to Freud in English translation should be to the Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, tr. and ed. by James Strachey et al., 24 vols (London, Hogarth, 1953-74)).
Notes should be kept to a minimum. They should not be used to cite sources which are not directly relevant to the argument. Pages references to a text which is the main focus of discussion may be provided in parentheses in the body of the article, provided that this practice is explained in the first note citing the text in question. A note reference number should as a rule be placed at the end of the sentence (after the full point), except where it falls within parentheses and the note refers only to the parenthesis.
Where an author wishes to acknowledge assistance received or to provide information on the original context in which an article may have been produced, a single brief note at the end of the article may be used for this purpose.
The following references illustrate the style conventions followed in the journal (note that the full name of an author should be given only where this information is not contained in the body of the article, and that full bibliographical information should be given only on first mention in the notes of the work in question):
- Charles Baudelaire, Œuvres complètes, ed. by Claude Pichois, 2 vols (Paris, Gallimard, 1975-76), i, 1311.
- Alfred de Vigny, Œuvres complètes, i, Poésie - Théâtre, ed. by François Germain and Andr?Jarry (Paris, Gallimard, 1986), p. 434.
- Claudia Brodsky Lacour, Lines of Thought: Discourse, Architectonics, and the Origin of Modern Philosophy (Durham, NC - London, Duke University Press, 1996), p. 111.
- Erec R. Koch, Pascal and Rhetoric: Figural and Persuasive Language in the Scientific Treatises, the 'Provinciales', and the 'Pensées' (Charlottesville, Rookwood Press, 1997), ch. 4.
- Leo Bersani, The Death of Stéephane Mallarm?/EM> (Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 14.
- Christiane Marchello-Nizia, L'Évolution du français: ordre des mots, démonstratifs, accent tonique (Paris, Armand Colin, 1995), pp. 200-08.
- Bernard Vouilloux, Un art de la figure: Francis Ponge dans l'atelier du peintre (Villeneuve d'Ascq, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 1998), p. 212.
- Werner Helmich, Der moderne französische Aphorismus. Innovation und Gattungsreflexion (Tübingen, Niemeyer, 1991), p. iv.
- Paola Salerni, La scena di una scrittura: Villiers de l'Isle-Adam fra teatro e romanzo (Fasano, Schena, 1997), ch.3.
- Jean Starobinski, 'La littérature: le texte et l'interprète', in Faire de l'histoire, iii, Nouvelles approches, ed. by Jacques Le Goff and Pierre Nora (Paris, Gallimard, 1974), pp. 225-44 (p. 226).
- Jane Gallop, 'French Theory and the Seduction of Feminism', Paragraph, 8 (1986), 19-24.
- Marc Fumaroli, 'Rhétorique d'école et rhétorique adulte: remarques sur la réception européenne du trait?Du sublime au XVIe et au XVIIe siècle', Revue d'histoire littéraire de la France, 86 (1986), 33-51 (p. 45).
- Cynthia Skenazi, 'Eutopie et utopie dans Le Temple de Cupido de Marot', French Studies, xlix (1995), 17-28.
The title and subtitle should be separated by a colon, except with titles in German, where a full point is used (see example (viii)). For titles of books and of articles or essays in English, the initial word and the principal words in the title are capitalized (see examples (iii), (iv) and (xi)). Titles within the title of a book should be given in single quotations marks (see example (iv)). The place of publication should be given where practicable in English (e.g. Geneva, not Genéve). The place of publication may be omitted where it is indicated by the publisher's name (see example (v)). The names of American states should be included only where necessary to eliminate ambiguity (see example (iii)); these abbreviations should be given according to the two-letter postal abbreviations which are to be found in the Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors. For titles of books in French, the first word is capitalized (see example (vii)). If the first word is
If the first word is the definite article, the first noun following the article (and any adjectives between the article and the noun) should also be capitalized (see example (vi)); the subtitle should be given entirely in lower case. Only the first word in the title of essays and articles in French should be capitalized (see examples (x), (xii) and (xiii)). Titles of series in which a work appears are not given and information concerning editors of works should be normalized to the abbreviation 'ed. by' (see examples (i), (ii) and (x)). Where use is made only of one volume of a multi-volume edition or work, the reference should be styled accordingly (see examples (ii) and (x)). For titles in German, all nouns should be capitalized (see example (viii); in Italian and Spanish, only the first word is normally capitalized (see example (ix)).
References to volume numbers of French Studies should be given in roman numerals (see example (xiii)); in references to other periodicals, by contrast, volume numbers should be cited in arabic numbers. Where the name of the author of a work cited is given in full in the text of an article, it should not be repeated in the note.
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