Articles should be prepared in accordance with MLA Style (Modern Language Association of America). This involves three major elements: in text citations, endnotes, and a list of Works Cited. Where a particular convention or character needs to be indicated, be consistent and indicate in a letter or note to the Editors your pattern (for example, % for the yogh character, | for the break between half-lines of Old English verse, or two tabs to indicate a verse indented from the rest of the quotation).
Title, sub-headings, paragraphs
The title of an article appears in bold and aligned left. The author’s name is given at the beginning of the article after a blank line in capitals and aligned left. The author’s institutional affiliation is also given, aligned left on the line below the name, in upper and lower case italic (e.g., University of Pittsburgh).
Subheadings, if used, should be in bold, upper and lower case, and left aligned. A single line space should be left between sections. Do not indent the first line of a paragraph beneath a title or subheading or at the start of a new section. The first line of subsequent paragraphs should be indented, using a single tab. Do not insert a blank line between paragraphs. Use a single (not double) space after the full point at the end of sentences.
Endnotes and works cited
Endnotes should be properly keyed into the text and numbers should be given in the text, immediately following the most convenient punctuation mark. They should be kept to the strict minimum necessary for documentation and should not contain superfluous expository material. Documentation should follow MLA style. The printed article is followed by the endnotes and then by the Works Cited.
In text citations are placed in parentheses and take the briefest form that allows unambiguous reference to the Works Cited list. If the work being cited is clear from the context, the parenthetical material may consist only of a page number or other citation form. Otherwise, it should include the author’s last name if needed, a very short title (if more than one work from an author is listed in the Works Cited), and the page number. If several editions of a work are included in the Works Cited list, an endnote may be used to clarify the citation edition.
Two examples of texts with citations and the relevant documentation:
Text: I am attracted to Burckhardt’s richly nuanced idea of Werkimmanente Deutung, “intrinsic interpretation” (Shakespearean Meanings 285), but I still think that Fineman’s analysis, in “Shakespeare’s Ear,” of thematism’s usurpation of reading in practice (231) explains why Burckhardt’s idea will not prosper.
Works Cited:
Burckhardt, Sigurd. Shakespearean Meanings. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1968.
Fineman, Joel. “Shakespeare’s Ear.” The Subjectivity Effect in Western Literary Tradition: Essays Toward the Release of Shakespeare’s Will. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991. 222-31.
Text: Proteus in Two Gentlemen is “metamorphosed” by his beloved, as he sees it (1.1.66);1 is this not a function of his name and nature, as opposed to what Greenblatt calls the “ennobling intimacy” of his relationship with Valentine (Norton 79)?
Endnote: 1 I cite Two Gentlemen of Verona from The Riverside Shakespeare.
Works Cited:
Norton Shakespeare, Based on the Oxford Edition. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt, et al. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997.
Riverside Shakespeare. 2nd ed. Ed. G. B. Evans, et al. Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.
Endnotes may contain some expository material, but authors should keep in mind that these are included in the total word count.
Works Cited:
Capitalize the first word and all principal words in English-language book and article titles. For titles in Romance languages and Latin, generally only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized; for Germanic titles, the first word and all nouns are capitalized. Series titles are not italicized. Use judgment in determining whether a series title is a useful part of the bibliography. EETS, SATF, and PL are standard abbreviations for these series.
Use a colon to separate title and subtitle; italicize titles of books and journals
Abbreviations include: ed., trans., 2nd ed., rev., rpt., UP (for University Press).
Some journal titles should be abbreviated: ChauR, SAC, MLN, JEGP.
Give the last two numbers when expressing inclusive numbers within the same hundred, as in 20-21, 129-34; drop the zero, however: 205-6.
Insert a space after an initial and full point (R. L. not R.L.) and after such abbreviations as vol., no., etc.
Use Arabic numerals to refer to volume numbers and to all divisions of plays, poems, etc. Exceptions: lower-case Roman numerals for page numbers from introductory matter, centuries, and titles (Louis XII, VIIe siècle).
In text references
Avoid the abbreviations p., pp., l., ll., v., vv. Generally the referent is clear. Where there is an ambiguity, state the form of reference in a sentence at the end of the Works Cited entry, e.g. “Citations refer to verse numbers.”
Titles should not be abbreviated in the text, but abbreviated titles may be used in parenthetical references, e.g.: (SGGK 230-32). The abbreviation should be noted in the Works Cited, in a parenthesis after the title or in a sentence added to the bibliography: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(SGGK). Canterbury Tales (CT) cited by fragment and line number, Parliament of Fowles (PF) by line number.
When a title is followed by numbers indicating traditional or essential divisions, such as verse numbers of a poem, act-scene-line of a play, chapter numbers of a book, there is no comma separating title and number. A period separates the types of divisions: Hamlet 5.3.2-10; Aeneid 4.23.
References to the Bible should be in the form: Isaiah 22.17; 2 Corinthians 5.13-15.
‘Folio’, ‘recto’, and ‘verso’ are abbreviated thus: fol. 3r, fol. 127v, fols. 17v-22r, with superscript r and v.
Quotations
Exemplaria prefers that quotations of texts under discussion be in the original language. For any language except Middle to contemporary English, the quotation should be followed by an English translation. This can be provided by the author or from a published translation, and in the latter case should be documented like the original.
Block quotations: Long quotations (more than approximately fifty words of prose, or more than three complete lines of verse) should begin on a new line and should be left-indented .5 inch or 1.3 cm. For dramatic dialogue, do not indent but precede each speech with the character’s name in capital letters. Before and after a block quotation in the body of the text, use an extra return (producing a blank line on both sides of the block quotation). Use quotation marks if the quoted matter is direct speech. The quotation should end with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. Place the reference in parentheses after the quotation. If there is a translation, it follows the quotation as a second block quote.
Short quotations (prose and verse) should be placed within quotation marks and run on with the body of the text. Separate lines of verse by a virgule (/) with a space on each side of it. Use secondary (single) quotation marks for direct speech only if the quotation includes both direct speech and other discourse: “Et cil dit: ‘De ce n’ai ge cure.’” Do not use italics unless they are in the original or are added for emphasis. References should be placed in parentheses at the end of the quotations, after the final inverted comma but before any punctuation mark. Where a translation is involved, a consistent pattern needs to be worked out for the parenthetical matter, e.g.: Lancelot ignores the warning: “Et cil dit: ‘De ce n’ai ge cure’” (2156; and he said, “This is not something I am concerned about,” 52). In this case, both the citation edition, cited by line, and the translation, cited by page, are included in the Works Cited list.
Indicate an omission from a modern text with an ellipsis. Use an ellipsis at the beginning or end of a long quotation only if that part of the quotation does not form a complete sentence; do not use ellipses at the beginning and end of short quotations. Omitted lines of verse should be indicated by an ellipsis at the end of the preceding line (not by a row of dots). Square brackets should be used for interpolations within quotations.
Spelling and dates
Use American spelling rather than British.
Do not italicize foreign words that have passed into regular English usage, and do not use diacritics on such words unless there is a final é; e.g. elite, precis, role, but cliché, protégé.
Spell out numbers under 1000, including ordinals, unless they are used as dates or statistics. Spell out centuries (thirteenth century). Large capitals are used for the Roman numbers of monarchs, popes, etc. (Charles V, Alexander VI).
Accents should go above the letter, e.g. à, é, È. Be consistent in the use of ì/í, ù/ú in Italian. Letters bearing accents should still bear them when capitalized, e.g. ‘È vero.’
Give dates in the form January 25, 1946. Use 1960s rather than ‘60s, Sixties, or 1960’s.
Punctuation
Punctuation, including punctuation of quotations, should reflect American norms.
Enumerations of more than two items should have a comma after all but the last item, e.g. “Paris, Calais, and Toulouse.”
Do not use a full point after contractions that end with the same letter as the full form (thus vols, nos, Mr, St, edn, but vol., pp., ed., e.g., etc.), or in mm, cm; but use in. for inches to avoid confusion.
Use smart (curly) quotes for single and double quotation marks as appropriate.
An EN rule (-) is used to indicate a span or a differentiation (pp. 1-5, 1370-1378, the Milan-Florence conflict); an EM rule (—) is used to enclose parenthetical statements or to denote a break in a sentence. If you are confident that you know which is appropriate, please use these dashes when preparing your typescript. Most people use the standard dash on the keyboard for a hyphen or for an EN rule, and two hyphens to indicate the EM rule. Please turn off the hyphenation function in MS Word.
字顺( Alphabetical List of Journals):
